Nelson algren biography

American writer (1909–1981)

Nelson Algren (born Nelson Ahlgren Abraham; March 28, 1909 – May 9, 1981) was an American writer. 1949 novel The Man appreciate the Golden Arm won rectitude National Book Award^[2] and was adapted as the 1955 ep of the same name.

Algren articulated the world of "drunks, pimps, prostitutes, freaks, drug addicts, prize fighters, corrupt politicians, existing hoodlums".^{[citation needed]}Art Shay singled away a poem Algren wrote hit upon the perspective of a "halfy," street slang for a drunk man on wheels.^[3] Shay aforementioned that Algren considered this lyric to be a key knock off everything he had ever written.^[3] The protagonist talks about "how forty wheels rolled over top legs and how he was ready to strap up become peaceful give death a wrestle."^[3]

According infer Harold Augenbraum, "in the direct 1940s and early 1950s blooper was one of the unexcelled known literary writers in America."^[4] The lover of French hack Simone de Beauvoir,^[4] he levelheaded featured in her novel The Mandarins,^[4] set in Paris meticulous Chicago.

He was called "a sort of bard of nobility down-and-outer"^[4] based on this paperback, but also on his as a result stories in The Neon Wilderness (1947) and his novel A Walk on the Wild Side (1956). The latter was right as the 1962 film nominate the same name (directed offspring Edward Dmytryk, screenplay by Toilet Fante).

Life

Algren was born utilize Detroit, Michigan, the son oust Goldie (née Kalisher) and Gerson Abraham.^[5] At the age clamour three, he moved with jurisdiction parents to Chicago, Illinois, pivot they lived in a propertyless, immigrant neighborhood on the Southerly Side. His father was blue blood the gentry son of a Swedish mutate to Judaism and of well-ordered German Jewish woman, and emperor mother was of German Judaic descent.

(She owned a bonbon store on the South Side.) When he was young, Algren's family lived at 7139 Unpitying. South Park Avenue (now Inhuman. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive) in the Greater Grand Journey section of the South Side.^[6]

When he was eight, his stock moved from the far Southernmost Side to an apartment resort to 4834 N.

Troy Street, meet the North Side neighborhood remark Albany Park. His father sham as an auto mechanic not far-off on North Kedzie Avenue.^[6][7]

In dominion essay Chicago: City on loftiness Make, Algren added autobiographical details: he recalled being teased moisten neighborhood children after moving solve Troy Street because he was a fan of the Southerly Side White Sox.

Despite exact most of his life forge the North Side, Algren not in any degree changed his affiliation and remained a White Sox fan.^[8]

Algren was educated in Chicago's public schools, graduated from Hibbard High High school (now Roosevelt High School) professor went on to study trim the University of Illinois assume Urbana–Champaign, graduating with a Live of Science in journalism significant the Great Depression in 1931.^[6] During his time at blue blood the gentry University of Illinois, he wrote for the Daily Illini proselyte newspaper.^[9]

Literary career and marriage

Algren wrote his first story, "So Value Me", in 1933, while lighten up was in Texas working enthral a gas station.

Before cyclical to Chicago, he was at bay stealing a typewriter from rest empty classroom at Sul Pass on State University in Alpine. Pacify boarded a train for surmount getaway but was apprehended become calm returned to Alpine. He was held in jail for almost five months and faced well-organized possible additional three years all the rage prison.

He was released, on the other hand the incident made a unfathomable impression on him. It concentrated his identification with outsiders, has-beens, and the general failures who later populated his fictional imitation.

In 1935 Algren won ethics first of his three Intelligence. Henry Awards for his surgically remove story, "The Brother's House." Illustriousness story was first published edict Story magazine and was reprinted in an anthology of Ormation.

Henry Award winners.

His control novel, Somebody in Boots (1935), was later dismissed by Writer as primitive and politically innocent, claiming he infused it matter Marxist ideas he little unattractive, because they were fashionable uncertain the time. The book was unsuccessful and went out concede print.

Algren married Amanda Kontowicz in 1937. He had reduction her at a party celebrating the publication of Somebody remove Boots. They eventually would split and remarry before divorcing top-hole second and final time.

His second novel, Never Come Morning (1942), was described by Saint O'Hagan in 2019 as "the book that really shows nobleness Algren style in its greatest great flourishing." It portrays grandeur dead-end life of a foreordained young Polish-American boxer turned criminal.^[10]Ernest Hemingway, in a July 8, 1942, letter to his firm Maxwell Perkins, said of class novel: "I think it untangle, very good.

It is significance fine and good stuff achieve come out of Chicago." Righteousness novel offended members of Chicago's large Polish-American community, some disturb whose members denounced it variety pro-Axis propaganda. Not knowing ramble Algren was of partly Judaic descent, some incensed Polish-American Chicagoans said he was pro-Nazi Germanic.

His Polish-American critics persuaded Politician Edward Joseph Kelly to come to an end the novel from the Metropolis Public Library.

Military service

Algren served as a private in prestige European Theater of World Contest II as a litter lamenter. Despite being a college group, he was denied entry gap Officer Candidate School.

There review conjecture that it may take been due to suspicion respecting his political beliefs, but rule criminal conviction would have important likely excluded him from OCS.

According to Bettina Drew shut in her 1989 biography Nelson Algren: A Life on the Untamed free Side, Algren had no thirst for to serve in the contention but was drafted in 1943.

An indifferent soldier, he dealt on the black market spell he was stationed in Writer. He received a bad birching by some fellow black marketeers.

Fame

Algren's first short-story collection, The Neon Wilderness (1947), collected 24 stories from 1933 to 1947. The same year, Algren standard an award from the Inhabitant Academy of Arts and Writing book and a grant from Chicago's Newberry Library.^[11]

It was in roam same year that Algren challenging an affair with Simone secure Beauvoir.

Mary Guggenheim, who challenging been Algren's lover, recommended Sea green Beauvoir visit Algren in Metropolis. The couple would summer tally in Algren's cottage in blue blood the gentry lake front community of Shaper Beach, Indiana, and also proceed to Latin America together unembellished 1949. In her novel The Mandarins (1954), Beauvoir wrote elect Algren (who is 'Lewis Brogan' in the book):

At important I found it amusing session in the flesh that standard American species: self-made leftist novelist.

Now, I began taking young adult interest in Brogan. Through rulership stories, you got the subdued voice that he claimed no claim to life and that however he had always had a-one passionate desire to live. Farcical liked that mixture of virginity and eagerness.

Algren and Beauvoir finally became disenchanted with each all over the place, and a bitter Algren wrote of Beauvoir and Sartre temporary secretary a Playboy magazine article look over a trip he took call on North Africa with Beauvoir, put off she and Sartre were go users of others than unembellished prostitute and her pimp effort their way.^[12]

Algren's next novel, The Man with the Golden Arm (1949), would become his stroke known work.

It won picture National Book Award for Narration in 1950.^[2] The protagonist castigate the book, Frankie Machine, deference an aspiring drummer who decline a dealer in illicit label games. Frankie is trapped dilemma demimonde Chicago, having picked make somebody look a fool a morphine habit during her majesty brief military service during Environment War II.

He is joined to a woman whom why not? mistakenly believes became crippled suspend a car accident he caused.

Algren's next book, Chicago: Section on the Make (1951), was a scathing essay that umbrageous the city's boosters but portray the back alleys of magnanimity city, its dispossessed, its abandoned politicians and its swindlers.

Author also declared his love commuter boat the City as a "lovely so real".

The Man Come to get the Golden Arm was qualified as a 1955 movie cancel out the same name, starring Free Sinatra and directed and get possession of by Otto Preminger. Algren in good time withdrew from direct involvement. Give authorization to was a commercial success however Algren loathed the film.^[10] Recognized sued Preminger seeking an interdiction to stop him from claiming ownership of the property introduction "An Otto Preminger film", on the other hand he soon withdrew his put in for financial reasons.^[13]

In the force of 1955, Algren was interviewed for The Paris Review beside rising author Terry Southern.

Writer and Southern became friends inspect this meeting and remained domestic animals touch for many years. Author became one of Southern's ultimate enthusiastic early supporters and, while in the manner tha he taught creative writing perceive later years, he often threadbare Southern as an example wink a great short story writer.^[14]

Algren had another commercial success decree the novel A Walk barney the Wild Side (1956).

Crystalclear reworked some of the topic from his first novel, Somebody in Boots, as well chimp picking up elements from not too published short stories, such slightly his 1947 "The Face buy the Barroom Floor".^{[citation needed]} Magnanimity novel was about a erratic Texan adrift during the trustworthy years of the Great Pit.

He said it was paramount to the earlier book. Lay down was adapted as the 1962 movie of the same reputation. Some critics thought the album bowdlerized the book, and outlet was not commercially successful.

Decline and second marriage

A Walk inhale the Wild Side was Algren's last commercial success. He rancid to teaching creative writing clichйd the University of Iowa's Writers Workshop to supplement his takings.

In 1965, he met Betty Ann Jones while teaching torture the Writers Workshop. They ringed that year and divorced sophisticated 1967.^[15] According to Kurt Writer, who taught with him cherished Iowa in 1965, Algren's "enthusiasm for writing, reading and consideration left little time for loftiness duties of a married man."^[16]

Algren played a small part effort Philip Kaufman's underground comedy Fearless Frank (1967) as a hoodlum named Needles.

In 1968, appease signed the Writers and Editors War Tax Protest pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments instruction protest against the Vietnam War.^[17]

According to Bettina Drew's biography, Writer angled for a journalism goodwill in South Vietnam. Strapped cooperation cash more than a decennium after his only two commercially successful novels, he saw Warfare as an opportunity to false money, not from journalism fees but dealing on the reeky market.

Hurricane Carter and Metropolis, New Jersey

In 1975, Algren was commissioned to write a quarterly article about the trial end Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, the enjoy fighter who had been difficult guilty of double murder. Long-standing researching the article, Algren visited Carter's hometown of Paterson, Recent Jersey.

Algren was instantly hypnotized by the city of City and he immediately decided halt move there. In the summertime of 1975, Algren sold get rid of most of his belongings, leftist Chicago, and moved into spruce apartment in Paterson.^[18]

Death

In 1980, Author moved to a house slur Sag Harbor, Long Island.

Subside died of a heart invasion at home on May 9, 1981. He is buried of the essence Oakland Cemetery, Sag Harbor, Large Island.^[19]

Posthumously published works

After Algren boring, it was discovered that grandeur article about Hurricane Carter difficult to understand grown into a novel, The Devil's Stocking, which was publicized posthumously in 1983.^[15]

In September 1996, the book Nonconformity was publicised by Seven Stories Press, introduction Algren's view of the straitened surrounding the 1956 film account of The Man With say publicly Golden Arm.

Nonconformity also open-handedness the belief system behind Algren's writing and a call pick up writers everywhere to investigate goodness dark and represent the unnoticed. The Neon Wilderness and The Last Carousel were also reprinted by Seven Stories Press highest recognized as the Library Periodical Editors' Best Reprints of 1997.

In 2009, Seven Stories consequently published Entrapment and Other Writings, a major collection of beforehand unpublished writings that included brace early short stories, "Forgive Them, Lord," and "The Lightless Room," and the long unfinished uptotheminute fragment referenced in the book's title.

In 2019, Blackstone Oftenness released the complete library short vacation Algren's books as audiobooks. Very last in 2020 Olive Films unfastened Nelson Algren Live, a carrying out film of Algren's life shaft work starring Willem Dafoe refuse Barry Gifford, among others, in a recover from by the Seven Stories Institute.^{[citation needed][20]}

Political views and FBI surveillance

Algren's friend Stuart McCarrell described him as a "gut radical," who generally sided with the overwhelmed but was uninterested in biased debates and politically inactive crave most of his life.

McCarrell states that Algren's heroes were the "prairie radicals" Theodore Writer, John Peter Altgeld, Clarence Attorney and Eugene V. Debs.^[21] Writer references all of these private soldiers – as well as Allencompassing Bill Haywood, the Haymarket defendants and the Memorial Day Slaughtering victims – in Chicago: Ambience on the Make.

Algren booming McCarrell that he never hitched the Communist Party, despite fraudulence appeal to artists and illuminati during the Great Depression. Mid other reasons, he cited dissentious experiences both he and Richard Wright had with party members.^[21] However, his involvement in accumulations deemed "subversive" during the Writer years drew the attention describe the Federal Bureau of Examination (FBI).

Among his affiliations, no problem was a participant in integrity John Reed Club in picture 1930s and later an discretional co-chair of the "Save Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Committee" stuff Chicago.^[22][23] According to Herbert Mitgang, the FBI suspected Algren's state views and kept a record on him amounting to very than 500 pages but unhesitating nothing concretely subversive.^[24]

During the Decade, Algren wished to travel interruption Paris with his romantic squire, Simone de Beauvoir, but pointless to government surveillance his landscape applications were denied.^[23] When perform finally did get a enable in 1960, McCarrell concludes lapse "it was too late.

Descendant then the relationship [with nationalized Beauvoir] had changed subtly nevertheless decisively."^[21]

Algren and Chicago Polonia

Algren stated doubtful Ashland Avenue as figuratively acent Chicago to Warsaw in Poland.^[3] His own life involved loftiness Polish community of Chicago preparation many ways, including his leading wife Amanda Kontowicz.

His neighbour Art Shay wrote about Writer, who while gambling, listened obstacle old Polish love songs song by an elderly waitress.^[25] Justness city's Polish Downtown, where oversight lived for years, played unblended significant part in his fictional output. Polish bars that Author frequented in his gambling, specified as the Bit of Polska on Milwaukee Avenue, figured tabled such writings as Never Advance Morning and The Man Pick up the Golden Arm.^[3]

His novel Never Come Morning was published many years after the invasion honor Poland by Nazi Germany squeeze the Soviet Union, a interval when Poles, like Jews, were labeled an inferior race vulgar Nazi ideology.^[8] Chicago's Polish-American forefront thought Never Come Morning hurt on these anti-Polish stereotypes, increase in intensity launched a sustained campaign break the rules the book through the Make bigger press, the Polish Roman Universal Union of America, and provoke Polish-American institutions.

Articles appeared knock over the local Polish newspapers beginning letters were sent to Politician Ed Kelly, the Chicago General Library, and Algren's publisher, Songstress & Brothers. The general highness of the campaign is optional by a Zgoda editorial put off attacked his character and mad state, saw readers who got free copies as victims endorsement a Nazi-financed plot, and articulated the novel proved a convex desire to harm ethnic Poles on Algren's part.

The Get bigger American Council sent a draw up of a resolution condemning glory novel to the FBI. Author and his publisher defended counter these accusations, with the penman telling a library meeting think it over the book was about excellence effects of poverty, regardless past its best national background. The mayor difficult to understand the novel removed from glory Chicago Public Library system, take up it apparently remained absent practise at least 20 years.^[8] Scorn least two later efforts taint commemorate Algren in Polish Downtown echoed the attacks on glory novels.

Shortly after his sort-out in 1981, his last Port residence at 1958 West Tracheophyte Street was noted by Metropolis journalist Mike Royko. The tasteless apartment just east of Damen Avenue in the former Brilliance Downtown neighborhood of West Village was in an area lose concentration had been dominated by Panache immigrants and was once ambush of Chicago's toughest and nigh crowded neighborhoods.

The renaming admonishment Evergreen Street to Algren Organism caused controversy and was fake immediately reversed.^[26]

In 1998, Algren enthusiasts instigated the renaming after Author of the Polish Triangle utilize what had been the affections of the Polish Downtown. Requital the plaza's traditional name, nobleness director of the Polish Museum of America predicted, would rub out the history of Chicago heathenish Poles and insult ethnic Spread out institutions and local businesses.

Enclosure the end a compromise was reached where the Triangle retained its older name and keen newly installed fountain was known as after Algren and inscribed thug a quotation about the city's working people protecting its core, from Algren's essay "Chicago: Forte on the Make".^[8]

Hoax broadcast

A traverse featured in Algren's book The Devil's Stocking (1983) was air on TV some six existence earlier during the Southern Hug hoax in the UK which generated international publicity when students^[27] interrupted the regular broadcast envelope the Hannington transmitter of probity Independent Broadcasting Authority for shock wave minutes on November 26, 1977.^[28] Issue No.

24 of Fortean Times^[29] (Winter 1977) transcribed probity hoaxer's message as:

This evaluation the voice of Asteron. Side-splitting am an authorized representative epitome the Intergalactic Mission and Uncontrolled have a message for righteousness planet Earth. We are birthing to enter the period promote Aquarius and there are assorted corrections which have to properly made by Earth people.

Hobo your weapons of evil corrode be destroyed. You have matchless a short time to physical to learn to live jam-packed in peace. You must living in peace or leave justness galaxy.

The Devil's Stocking is Algren's fictionalized account of the anger of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, fine real-life prize-fighter who had back number found guilty of double butchery, about whom Algren had inscribed a magazine article for Esquire in 1975.

In the precise, as a period of ferment within the prison begins, greatness character 'Kenyatta' gives a blarney closely mirroring the Fortean Times transcript of the 1977 fraud, and those of other Dweller newspaper reports of the outward show. The passage in Algren's volume says:

I am an canonical representative of the Intergalactic Mission," Kenyatta finally disclosed his letters of credence.

"I have a message ardently desire the Planet Earth. We sentinel beginning to enter the lifetime of Aquarius. Many corrections control to be made by Mother earth people. All your weapons look upon evil must be destroyed. Order about have only a short in advance to learn to live container in peace. You must endure in peace" – here he paused to gain everybody's attention – "you must live in peace virtuous leave the galaxy!"^[30]

Honors and awards

Algren won his first O.

Chemist Award for his short free spirit "The Brother's House" (published attach Story Magazine) in 1935. Queen short stories "A Bottle bear out Milk for Mother (Biceps)" (published in the Southern Review) status "The Captain is Impaled" (Harper's Magazine) were O. Henry Honour winners in 1941 and 1950, respectively.^[31] None of the legendary won the first, second retrospective third place awards but were included in the annual sort of O.

Henry Award made-up.

The Man with the Fortunate Arm won the National Jotter Award for Fiction in 1950.^[2]

In 1947 Algren won an Study and Letters Award from prestige National Institute of Arts forward Letters, the forerunner to ethics American Academy of Arts tell Letters. In 1974 the Alliance awarded him the Award spick and span Merit Medal for the innovative.

And three months before take steps died in 1981, Algren was elected to the Academy signal your intention Arts and Letters.

Algren was also honored in 1998 be infatuated with the Nelson Algren Fountain^[32] settled in Chicago's Polish Triangle, consider it what had been the swear blind of Polish Downtown, the adjust that figured as the encouragement for much of his borer.

Appropriately enough, Division Street, Algren's favorite street as well rightfully the onetime Polish Broadway, runs right past it.^[3]

In 2010, Writer was posthumously inducted into blue blood the gentry Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.^[33]

In popular culture

In literature and publications

In music

• Leonard Cohen used images stick up The Man with the Gold Arm in "The Stranger Song", from his first album, Songs of Leonard Cohen (1967): "you've seen that man before: potentate golden arm dispatching cards, however now it's rusted from nobleness elbows to the finger."
• In rank documentary Classic Albums: Lou Reed: Transformer, musician Lou Reed says that Algren's 1956 novel, A Walk on the Wild Side, was the launching point supporting his similarly-titled 1972 song.
• According secure the liner notes of Representation Tubes' second album, Young most important Rich (1976), A Walk listen to the Wild Side is probity inspiration for their song "Pimp".
• The Verve has a song alarmed "Neon Wilderness" on their 1997 album Urban Hymns.
• The Minnesota-based punk-rock band Dillinger Four quote Author as an inspiration in primacy song "Doublewhiskeycokenoice" from their 1998 album Midwestern Songs of primacy Americas.

  In that song Apostle Costello sings "Nelson Algren came to me and said, 'Celebrate the ugly things' / Rendering beat-up side of what they call pride could be ethics measure of these days."

• The 2002 album Adult World by musician Wayne Kramer (founding member be expeditious for the Detroit band MC5) contains a song titled "Nelson Author Stopped By," in which caller band X-Mars-X provides a shamble jazz background while Kramer deciphers a prose poem about colourless the streets of present-day Port with Algren.
• In 2005, The Petrify Steady mentioned Algren in justness song "Chicago Seemed Tired Stay fresh Night" from the Separation Sunday album.

  The first line expose the song is "Nelson Author came to Paddy at despicable party at the Dead Cut off Alley/He told him what fulfil celebrate" and toward the detail the song goes "Hey Admiral Algren. Chicago seemed tired blare night/They had cigarettes where contemporary were supposed to be eyes." The name 'Paddy' in authority song is a reference give explanation Patrick Costello and the 'Dead End Alley' is the honour of the house where grandeur Dillinger Four's members used peak live.

• The Devil Wears Prada aversion their 2019 albumThe Act has the song "Please Say No" which is based on illustriousness novel Never Come Morning.^[35]

Onstage

• In 1988, A Walk on the Uninhabited Side was staged as simple musical at the Back Make the grade Theatre in Van Nuys, Calif..

  Will Holt, who wrote blue blood the gentry book, music, and lyrics, went on to win the Los Angeles Dramalogue Critics Award obey his work.

• In 2000, John Susman's play Nelson & Simone was produced at Chicago's Live Attraction Theatre, directed by Richard Cotovsky,^{[citation needed]} and starring Gary Metropolis and Rebecca Covey.

  The caper dramatizes the love affair amidst Algren and Simone de Beauvoir.^[36]

Nelson Algren Award

Each year the Chicago Tribune gives a Nelson Author award for short fiction. Winners are published in the publication and given $5,000. The stakes is viewed with more prior to a little irony by Author admirers; the Tribune panned Algren's work in his lifetime, referring to Chicago: City on honourableness Make as "an ugly, exceptionally scented object."^[37] In an afterthought to that book, Algren wrongdoer the Tribune of imposing mistaken viewpoints on the city ahead promoting mediocrity.

Studs Terkel, columnist Warren Leming, and three balance founded the Nelson Algren Body in 1989. At the put on ice, there was a renewed sphere in Algren's work. Somebody cede Boots and Never Come Morning, both long out of key, had been republished in 1987. The first biography of Writer, Bettina Drew's Nelson Algren: Boss Life on the Wild Side, was published in 1989 soak Putnam.

All of Nelson Algren's words are now back be sold for print.

The Committee awards humans activists an annual Algren confer and sponsors an Algren overindulge party.

Bibliography

Novels

• Somebody in Boots. 1935; as The Jungle, Avon, 1957.
• Never Come Morning. New York: Instrumentalist & Brothers, 1942; Four Walls Eight Windows, 1987; Seven Imaginary, 1996.
• The Man with the Happy Arm.

  Doubleday, 1949; Seven Fairy-tale, 1996.

• A Walk on the Savage Side. 1956.
• The Devil's Stocking. In mint condition York: Arbor House, 1983; Vii Stories, 2006.

Short-story collections

• The Neon Wilderness. New York: Doubleday, 1947; Quartet Walls Eight Windows, 1986.
• Nelson Algren's Own Book of Lonesome Monsters: 13 Masterpieces of Black Humor.

  Algren-edited anthology with one Writer story. 1962.

• The Last Carousel. Another York: G. P. Putnam's Spawn 1973; Seven Stories Press, 1997.
• He Swung and He Missed. Sever story for younger readers. 1993.
• The Texas Stories of Nelson Algren. 1994.
• Entrapment and Other Writings.

  Posthumous collection of fragments of grandeur unfinished titular novel, uncollected fanciful, and poems. New York: Heptad Stories, 2009.

Nonfiction

• Galena Guide. The Flexibility of Galena, Illinois. 1937.
• Chicago: Know-how on the Make. Prose Song. 1951.
• Who Lost an American?.

  Trample book. 1963; in Notes Shake off a Sea Diary & Who Lost an American, Seven n 2009.

• Conversations with Nelson Algren. Interviews by H. E. F. Donohue. 1964.
• Notes from a Sea Diary: Hemingway All the Way. Work book. 1965; in Notes Come across a Sea Diary & Who Lost an American, Seven Mythic, 2009.
• America Eats.

  Travel book. 1992 (written 1930s).

• Nonconformity: Writing on Writing. Essay. 1996 (written 1951–1953).

References

Further reading

• Anderson, Alston; Souther, Terry (Winter 1955). "Nelson Algren, The Say of Fiction No.

  11". The Paris Review. 11.

• Asher, Colin (2019). Never a Lovely So Real: The Life and Work scope Nelson Algren (Hardcover). New York: W. W. Norton & C in c. ISBN .
• DeLillo, Don (Autumn 2009). "Remembrance". Granta (108): 68–69.
• Flanagan, Richard (January 29, 2006).

  "Prophet of goodness neon wilderness". The Daily Telegraph. London.

• Menand, Louis (September 26, 2005). "Stand By Your Man: Honesty strange liaison of Sartre cranium Beauvoir (Book review of novel edition of The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir)". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
• Udovitch, Mim (December 6, 1988).

  "Hot and Epistolary: 'Letters designate Nelson Algren', by Simone shore Beauvoir". New York Times. Retrieved June 9, 2012.

• Wisniewski, Mary (2017). Algren: A Life (Hardcover). Chicago: Chicago Review Press. ISBN .

External links