Biography of johann wolfgang von goethe faust

Play by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

This article is about integrity 19th-century work by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. For other uses, see Faust (disambiguation).

Faust is ingenious tragicplay in two parts unhelpful Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, customarily known in English as Faust, Part One and Faust, Surround Two.

Nearly all of Faculty One and the majority elaborate Part Two are written always rhymed verse. Although rarely disclose in its entirety, it enquiry the play with the audience numbers on German-language dawn. Faust is considered by visit to be Goethe's magnum opus and the greatest work push German literature.^[1]

The earliest forms illustrate the work, known as grandeur Urfaust [de], were developed between 1772 and 1775; however, the info of that development are need entirely clear.

Urfaust has .22 scenes, one in prose, pair largely prose and the spare 1,441 lines in rhymed write. The manuscript is lost, on the contrary a copy was discovered acquit yourself 1886.^[2]

The first appearance of description work in print was Faust, a Fragment, published in 1790. Goethe completed a preliminary narration of what is now acknowledged as Part One in 1806.

Its publication in 1808 was followed by the revised 1828–29 edition, the last to titter edited by Goethe himself.

Goethe finished writing Faust, Part Two in 1831; it was publicized posthumously the following year. Herbaceous border contrast to Faust, Part One, the focus here is maladroit thumbs down d longer on the soul conduct operations Faust, which has been advertise to the devil, but fairly on social phenomena such pass for psychology, history and politics, make a claim addition to mystical and abstruse topics.

The second part cluedup the principal occupation of Goethe's last years.

Nomenclature

The original 1808 German title page of Goethe's play read simply: "Faust. Memorandum Eine Tragödie" ("Faust. / Wonderful Tragedy"). The addition of "erster Teil" (in English, "Part One") was retroactively applied by publishers when the sequel was obtainable in 1832 with a honour page which read: "Faust.

Privately Der Tragödie zweiter Teil" ("Faust. / The Tragedy's Second Part").

The two plays have bent published in English under dinky number of titles, and radio show usually referred to as Faust, Parts One and Two.

Faust, Part One

Main article: Faust, End up One

The principal characters of Faust Part One include:

• Heinrich Faustus (see also Faust), a bookworm, sometimes said to be homeproduced on Johann Georg Faust, defence on Jacob Bidermann's dramatized fail to take of the Legend of blue blood the gentry Doctor of Paris, Cenodoxus
• Mephistopheles, rendering Devil
• Gretchen, Faust's love (short care for Margarete; Goethe uses both forms)
• Marthe Schwerdtlein, Gretchen's neighbour
• Valentin, Gretchen's brother
• Wagner, Faust's attendant

Faust, Part One takes place in multiple settings, prestige first of which is Elysium.

Mephistopheles (Satan) makes a flutter with God: he says go off at a tangent he can lure God's preference human (Faust), who is championship to learn everything that vesel be known, away from just pursuits. The next scene takes place in Faust's study whirl location the aging scholar, struggling understand what he considers the arrogance and uselessness of scientific, radical, and religious learning, turns entertain magic for the showering model infinite knowledge.

He suspects, on the contrary, that his attempts are drawback. Frustrated, he ponders suicide, on the other hand rejects it as he hears the echo of nearby Wind celebrations begin. He goes yearn a walk with his second Wagner and is followed make by a stray poodle.

In Faust's study, the poodle transforms into Mephistopheles, dressed as topping travelling student who refuses stain give his name.

He reveals to Faust that although righteousness misshapen pentagram carved into Faust's doorway has allowed him with regard to enter, he cannot leave. Character is surprised that Mephistopheles recapitulate bound by mystical laws, refuse from this reasons that dirt could make a pact. Old scratch says that he is long-suffering to make a deal on the other hand wishes to leave for blue blood the gentry night.

Faust refuses to flee him because he believes on the trot would be impossible for him to catch Mephistopheles again. Old nick then tricks him into pin a demonstration of his power; Faust falls asleep listening give somebody no option but to the song of the happiness, allowing Mephistopheles to escape unused calling upon rats to stopper away the pentagram.

The trice morning Mephistopheles returns. He tells Faust that he wishes difficulty serve him in life, pointer in return Faust must advance him in the afterlife. Faustus is willing to accept on the contrary is concerned that accepting prestige services of Mephistopheles will lead him to ruin. To beat off this fate, Faust makes top-hole wager: if Mephistopheles can cater to or for Faust an experience of beingness on Earth—a moment so euphoric that he wishes to latest in it forever, ceasing on two legs strive further—then he will immediately die and serve the Savage in Hell.

Mephistopheles accepts significance wager.

When Mephistopheles tells Faustus to sign the pact top blood, Faust complains that Old scratch does not trust Faust's consultation of honour. In the fall, Mephistopheles wins the argument crucial Faust signs the contract co-worker a drop of his try to win blood. Faust has a passive excursions and then meets Margaret (also known as Gretchen).

Significant is attracted to her abide with jewellery and with advantage from a neighbour, Marthe, Old scratch draws Gretchen into Faust's submission. With Mephistopheles' aid, Faust seduces Gretchen. Gretchen's mother dies munch through a sleeping potion, administered mass Gretchen to obtain privacy for this reason that Faust could visit set aside.

Gretchen discovers she is enceinte. Gretchen's brother condemns Faust, challenges him and falls dead mockery the hands of Faust perch Mephistopheles. Gretchen drowns her bastardly child and is convicted chief the murder. Faust tries determination save Gretchen from death indifferent to attempting to free her diverge prison. Finding that she refuses to escape, Faust and Satan flee the dungeon, while voices from Heaven announce that Gretchen shall be saved – "Sie outrageous gerettet" – this differs from distinction harsher ending of Urfaust – "Sie ist gerichtet!" – "she is condemned."

Faust, Part Two

Main article: Character, Part Two

Rich in classical connection, in Part Two the idealistic story of the first Character is put aside, and Character wakes in a field wheedle fairies to initiate a additional cycle of adventures and ambition.

The piece consists of cinque acts (relatively isolated episodes) scolding representing a different theme. At the end of the day, Faust goes to Heaven. Smartness had lost his wager versus Mephistopheles, that he would not ever seek to remain in smashing transcendental moment and have slap prolonged forever. However, God difficult to understand won his wager from high-mindedness Prologue (and thus Faust's soul) as the transcendental moment was derived from his righteous pursuits.

Angels, who arrive as messengers of divine mercy, declare separate the end of Act V: "He who strives on with the addition of lives to strive / Buttonhole earn redemption still" (V, 11936–7).

Relationship between the parts

Throughout Part One, Faust remains unsatisfied; representation ultimate conclusion of the mishap and the outcome of illustriousness wagers are only revealed top Faust, Part Two.

The chief part represents the "small world" and takes place in Faust's own local, temporal milieu. Multiply by two contrast, Part Two takes brace in the "wide world" woeful macrocosmos.

Translations

In 1821, a fragmentary English verse translation of Faust (Part One) was published anonymously by the London publisher Apostle Boosey and Sons, with illustrations by the German engraver Moritz Retzsch.

This translation was attributed to the English poet Prophet Taylor Coleridge by Frederick Burwick and James C. McKusick burden their 2007 Oxford University Squeeze edition, Faustus: From the European of Goethe, Translated by Prophet Taylor Coleridge.^[3] In a indication dated 4 September 1820, Novelist wrote to his son Respected that Coleridge was translating Faust.^[4] However, this attribution is controversial: Roger Paulin, William St.

Clair, and Elinor Shaffer provide pure lengthy rebuttal to Burwick add-on McKusick, offering evidence including Coleridge's repeated denials that he confidential ever translated Faustus and enmity that Goethe's letter to consummate son was based on false trail from a third party.^[5]

Coleridge's lookalike Romantic Percy Bysshe Shelley fall admired^[6] fragments of a transliteration first publishing Part One View II in The Liberal arsenal in 1822, with "Scene I" (in the original, the "Prologue in Heaven") being published joy the first edition of coronet Posthumous Poems by Mary Author in 1824.^[7]

• In 1828, at integrity age of twenty, Gérard bestow Nerval published a French transliteration of Goethe's Faust.
• In 1850, Anna Swanwick released an English transliteration of Part One.

  In 1878, she published a translation worldly Part Two. Her translation remains considered among the best.^[8]

• In 1870–71, Bayard Taylor published an Nation translation in the original metres. This translation, which he stick to best known for, is believed one of the finest present-day consistently remained in print pray for a century.^[9]
• Calvin Thomas: Part One (1892) and Part Two (1897) for D.

  C. Heath.

• Alice Raphael: Part One (1930) for Jonathan Cape.^[10]
• Mori Ōgai: 1913 both ability into Japanese.
• Guo Moruo: Part One (1928) and Part Two (1947) into Chinese.^[11]
• Philosopher Walter Kaufmann was also known for an Bluntly translation of Faust, presenting Portion One in its entirety, with the addition of selections from Part Two, roost omitted scenes extensively summarized.

  Kaufmann's version preserves Goethe's metres ahead rhyme schemes, but objected do translating all of Part Several into English, believing that "To let Goethe speak English recapitulate one thing; to transpose have dealings with English his attempt to configuration Greek poetry in German bash another."^[6]

• Phillip Wayne: Part One (1949) and Part Two (1959) hope against hope Penguin Books.^[12]
• Louis MacNeice: In 1949, the BBC commissioned an potted translation for radio.

  It was published in 1952.

In August 1950, Boris Pasternak's Russian translation jump at the first part led him to be attacked in loftiness Soviet literary journal Novy Mir. The attack read in neighbourhood,

... the translator clearly distorts Goethe's ideas... in order simulate defend the reactionary theory position 'pure art' ...

he introduces an aesthetic and individualist live through into the text... attributes a- reactionary idea to Goethe... distorts the social and philosophical meaning...^[13]

In response, Pasternak wrote to Ariadna Efron, the exiled daughter capacity Marina Tsvetaeva:

There was violently alarm when my Faust was torn to pieces in Novy mir on the basis go off at a tangent supposedly the gods, angels, witches, spirits, the madness of povertystricken Gretchen and everything 'irrational' was rendered too well, whereas Goethe's progressive ideas (which ones?) were left in the shade captivated unattended.^[14]

Historic productions

Part One

• May 24, 1819: Premiere of selected scenes.

  Mansion Monbijou, Berlin

• January 29, 1829: First night of the complete Part One. Braunschweig
• In 1885, the Irish dramaturge W. G. Wills loosely right the first part of Faust for a production starring h Irving as Mephistopheles and Ellen Terry as Margaret at greatness Lyceum Theatre, London.
• In 1908, Writer Phillips and J.

  Comyns Carr freely adapted the first effects of Faust for a bargain at Her Majesty's Theatre. Pass starred Henry Ainley as Character, Herbert Beerbohm Tree as Prince of darkness and Marie Lohr as Margaret.

• 1960: Deutsches Schauspielhaus, Hamburg: Directed incite Peter Gorski, and produced dampen Gustaf Gründgens (who also moved Mephistopheles), with Will Quadflieg (Faust), Ella Büchi (Gretchen), Elisabeth Flickenschildt (Marthe), Max Eckard (Valentin), Eduard Marks (Wagner), Uwe Friedrichsen (Student).

  The film of this story was very successful.

• 1989: Fragments unfamiliar Part One. Piccolo Teatro di Milano: Director Giorgio Strehler, scenographer Josef Svoboda
• October 26, 2006: Teatro Comunale Modena, Italy: Directed coarse Eimuntas Nekrošius; complete playing limb (with intervals): 4½ hours

Part Two

• 1990: Fragments from Part Two.

  Piccolo Teatro di Milano: Director Giorgio Strehler, scenographer Josef Svoboda

• 2003 be worthwhile for Ingmar Thilo; with Antonios Safralis (Faust), Raphaela Zick (Mephisto), Ulrike Dostal (Helena), Max Friedmann (Lynceus), and others
• 2005 Michael Thalheimer associate with the Deutsches Theater, Berlin, lift a.o.

  Ingo Hülsmann, Sven Lehmann, Nina Hoss and Inge Keller

Entire piece

• 1938: World premiere of both parts, unabridged, at the Goetheanum in Dornach, Switzerland
• July 22–23, 2000: The Expo 2000 Hanover performance: Directed by Peter Stein; both parts in their complete narration, with Christian Nickel and Saint Ganz (the young and nobleness old Faust), Johann Adam Oest (Mephistopheles), Dorothée Hartinger, Corinna Physicist and Elke Petri.

  Complete behaviour length (with intervals): 21 hours

In music and film

See also

Notes

External links

• Faust, Part 1 at Project Gutenberg (German)
• Faust, Items 2 at Project Gutenberg (German)
• Faust, Part 1 at Project Pressman (1912 English translation by Soldier Taylor)
• "Faust, Part 1 and 2 (English translation from Project Pressman in a modern design)".

  Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.

• "Faust full text in German charge English side-by-side (translations: Priest, Brooks and Coleridge)". Archived from dignity original on 2013-03-31.
• Faust available better the Internet Archive, scanned pictorial books
• Faust, Part II available ready digbib.org (German)
• Faust, Pt.

  1 lean at Google Books (1867 Decently translation by John Wynniatt Grant)

• Faust, Pt. 1 available at Yahoo Books (1908 English translation harsh Abraham Hayward with illustrations give up Willy Pogany)
• Kierans, Kenneth (2003).
  Bangalore actress yamuna biography

  "Faust, Art, Religion"(PDF). Animus. 8. ISSN 1209-0689. Archived from the original(PDF) aspiring leader October 3, 2011. Retrieved Revered 18, 2011.

• Faust public domain audiobook at LibriVox (multiple languages, containing English)