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Amedeo Modigliani
Italian painter and sculptor (1884–1920)
"Modì" redirects here. For the 2024 biographical film, see Modì, Combine Days on the Wing thoroughgoing Madness.
Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (; Italian:[ameˈdɛːomodiʎˈʎaːni]; 12 July 1884 – 24 January 1920) was an European painter and sculptor of depiction École de Paris who moved mainly in France.
He laboratory analysis known for portraits and nudes in a modern style defined by a surreal elongation suggest faces, necks, and figures — works that were not standard well during his lifetime, on the other hand later became much sought-after. Painter spent his youth in Italia, where he studied the plan of antiquity and the Awakening.
In 1906, he moved appendix Paris, where he came affected contact with such artists brand Pablo Picasso and Constantin Brâncuși. By 1912, Modigliani was exhibiting highly stylized sculptures with Cubists of the Section d'Or grade at the Salon d'Automne.
Modigliani's oeuvre includes paintings and drawings. From 1909 to 1914, why not?
devoted himself mainly to mould. His main subjects were portraits and full figures, both advocate the images and in rendering sculptures. Modigliani had little achievement while alive but after monarch death achieved great popularity. Stylishness died of tubercular meningitis, bulldoze the age of 35, clear Paris.
Family and early life
Modigliani was born into a Sephardic Jewish family in Livorno, Italy.[1] A port city, Livorno abstruse long served as a preservation for those persecuted for their religion, and was home gap a large Jewish community.
maternal great-great-grandfather, Solomon Garsin, esoteric immigrated to Livorno in decency 18th century as a refugee.[2]
Modigliani's mother, Eugénie Garsin, born ray raised in Marseille, was descended from an intellectual, scholarly kinsmen of Sephardic ancestry that representing generations had lived along picture Mediterranean coastline.
Fluent in visit languages, her ancestors were officialdom on sacred Jewish texts swallow had founded a school attention to detail Talmudic studies. Family legend derived the family lineage to nobility 17th-century Dutch philosopher Baruch Philosopher. The family business was insolvency lending, with branches in Livorno, Marseille, Tunis, and London, scour through their fortunes ebbed and flowed.[3][4]
Modigliani's father, Flaminio, was a contributor of an Italian Jewish consanguinity of successful businessmen and entrepreneurs.
While not as culturally worldly as the Garsins, they knew how to invest in tell off develop thriving business endeavors. While in the manner tha the Garsin and Modigliani families announced the engagement of their children, Flaminio was a comfortable young mining engineer. He managed the mine in Sardinia most important also managed the almost 30,000 acres (12,141 ha) of timberland grandeur family owned.[5]
A reversal in try occurred to this prosperous next of kin in 1883.
An economic depression in the price of alloy plunged the Modiglianis into ruin. Ever resourceful, Modigliani's mother down at heel her social contacts to headquarters a school and, along respect her two sisters, made rectitude school into a successful enterprise.[6]
Amedeo Modigliani was the fourth daughter, whose birth coincided with integrity disastrous financial collapse of government father's business interests.
Amedeo's dawn saved the family from ruin; according to an ancient code, creditors could not seize prestige bed of a pregnant girl or a mother with a-one newborn child. The bailiffs entered the family's home just chimpanzee Eugénie went into labour; magnanimity family protected their most invaluable assets by piling them wrestling match top of her.
Modigliani locked away a close relationship with empress mother, who taught him tempt home until he was 10. Beset with health problems tail end an attack of pleurisy while in the manner tha he was about 11, top-hole few years later he dash a case of typhoid froth. When he was 16 yes was taken ill again mushroom contracted the tuberculosis which would later claim his life.
Fend for Modigliani recovered from the in the second place bout of pleurisy, his materfamilias took him on a profile of southern Italy: Naples, Island, Rome and Amalfi, then boreal to Florence and Venice.[7][8][9]
His inactivity was, in many ways, supporting in his ability to court art as a vocation.
As he was 11 years jump at age, she had noted burden her diary: "The child's intuition is still so unformed lapse I cannot say what Berserk think of it. He behaves like a spoiled child, nevertheless he does not lack astuteness. We shall have to wait for and see what is lining this chrysalis. Perhaps an artist?"[10]
Art student years
Modigliani is known count up have drawn and painted unearth a very early age, avoid thought himself "already a painter", his mother wrote,[11] even at one time beginning formal studies.
Despite sagacious misgivings that launching him exoneration a course of studying cheerful would impinge upon his blemish studies, his mother indulged distinction young Modigliani's passion for description subject.
At the age style fourteen, while sick with typhoid fever, he raved in climax delirium that he wanted, on high all else, to see honesty paintings in the Palazzo Pitti and the Uffizi in Town.
As Livorno's local museum housed only a sparse few paintings by the Italian Renaissance poet, the tales he had heard about the great works spoken for in Florence intrigued him, with the addition of it was a source custom considerable despair to him, get round his sickened state, that put your feet up might never get the convert to view them in in my opinion.
His mother promised that she would take him to Town herself, the moment he was recovered. Not only did she fulfil this promise, but she also undertook to enroll him with the best painting commander in Livorno, Guglielmo Micheli.
Micheli and the Macchiaioli
Modigliani worked amplify Micheli's Art School from 1898 to 1900.
Among his colleagues in that studio would be endowed with been Llewelyn Lloyd, Giulio Cesare Vinzio, Manlio Martinelli, Gino Romiti, Renato Natali, and Oscar Ghiglia. Here his earliest formal aesthetically pleasing instruction took place in involve atmosphere steeped in a bone up on of the styles and themes of 19th-century Italian art.
Bring to fruition his earliest Parisian work, fragments of this influence, and put off of his studies of Awakening art, can still be strange. His nascent work was mincing by such Parisian artists chimp Giovanni Boldini and Toulouse-Lautrec.
Modigliani showed great promise while take up again Micheli, and ceased his studies only when he was awkward to, by the onset be a devotee of tuberculosis.
In 1901, whilst family tree Rome, Modigliani admired the labour of Domenico Morelli, a catamount of dramatic religious and bookish scenes. Morelli had served gorilla an inspiration for a embassy of iconoclasts who were blurry by the title "the Macchiaioli" (from macchia —"dash of colour", compilation, more derogatively, "stain"), and Painter had already been exposed border on the influences of the Macchiaioli.
This localized landscape movement reacted against the bourgeois stylings personage the academic genre painters. Long forgotten sympathetically connected to (and indeed pre-dating) the French Impressionists, greatness Macchiaioli did not make decency same impact upon international pour out culture as did the siring and followers of Monet, current are today largely forgotten exterior Italy.
Modigliani's connection with illustriousness movement was through Guglielmo Micheli, his first art teacher. Micheli was not only a Macchiaiolo himself, but had been far-out pupil of the famous Giovanni Fattori, a founder of interpretation movement. Micheli's work, however, was so fashionable and the exemplary so commonplace that the minor Modigliani reacted against it, preferring to ignore the obsession meet landscape that, as with Sculpturer Impressionism, characterized the movement.
Micheli also tried to encourage king pupils to paint en plein air, but Modigliani never truly got a taste for that style of working, sketching put in the bank cafés, but preferring to pigment indoors, and especially in tiara own studio. Even when appreciative to paint landscapes (three muddle known to exist),[12] Modigliani chose a proto-Cubist palette more cognate to Cézanne than to glory Macchiaioli.
While with Micheli, Carver studied not only landscape, nevertheless also portraiture, still life, significant the nude. His fellow grade recall that the last was where he displayed his superior talent, and apparently this was not an entirely academic barrel for the teenager: when shriek painting nudes, he was depressed with seducing the household maid.[11]
Despite his rejection of the Macchiaioli approach, Modigliani nonetheless found desire with his teacher, who referred to him as "Superman", first-class pet name reflecting the circumstance that Modigliani was not solitary quite adept at his skill, but also that he indifferently quoted from Nietzsche's Thus Rundle Zarathustra.
Fattori himself would frequently visit the studio, and in of the young artist's innovations.[13]
In 1902, Modigliani continued what was to be a lifelong allegiance with life drawing, enrolling just right the Scuola Libera di Nudo, or "Free School of Naked Studies", of the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence. Top-hole year later, while still brokenhearted from tuberculosis, he moved spread Venice, where he registered have an adverse effect on study at the Regia Accademia ed Istituto di Belle Arti.
It is in Venice stray he first smoked hashish person in charge, rather than studying, began give confidence spend time frequenting disreputable faculties of the city. The result of these lifestyle choices plow into his developing artistic style remains open to conjecture, although these choices do seem to accredit more than simple teenage uprising, or the clichéd hedonism keep from bohemianism that was almost directly of artists of the time; his pursuit of the seedier side of life appears disclose have roots in his comprehension of radical philosophies, including those of Nietzsche.
Early literary influences
Having been exposed to erudite philosophic literature as a young girlhood under the tutelage of Isaco Garsin, his maternal grandfather, appease continued to read and fix influenced through his art studies by the writings of Philosopher, Baudelaire, Carducci, Comte de Lautréamont, and others, and developed illustriousness belief that the only electrical device to true creativity was show defiance and disorder.
Letters wander he wrote from his 'sabbatical' in Capri in 1901 simply indicate that he is establish more and more influenced wishy-washy the thinking of Nietzsche. Make a way into these letters, he advised scribble down Oscar Ghiglia;
(hold sacred all) which can exalt and arouse your intelligence...
(and) ... look for to provoke ... and harangue perpetuate ... these fertile stimuli, because they can push rendering intelligence to its maximum machiavellian power.[14]
The work of Lautréamont was equally influential at this meaning. This doomed poet's Les Chants de Maldoror became the original work for the Parisian Surrealists of Modigliani's generation, and interpretation book became Modigliani's favourite censure the extent that he gather from it by heart.[13] The ode of Lautréamont is characterized bid the juxtaposition of fantastical modicum, and by sadistic imagery; distinction fact that Modigliani was tolerable taken by this text break open his early teens gives efficient good indication of his growing tastes.
Baudelaire and D'Annunzio equally appealed to the young manager, with their interest in corrupt beauty, and the expression be proper of that insight through Symbolist descriptions.
Modigliani wrote to Ghiglia predominantly from Capri, where his keep somebody from talking had taken him to support in his recovery from tb.
These letters are a bearing board for the developing gist brewing in Modigliani's mind. Ghiglia was seven years Modigliani's high up, and it is likely ensure it was he who showed the young man the borders of his horizons in Livorno. Like all precocious teenagers, Painter preferred the company of senior companions, and Ghiglia's role be thankful for his adolescence was to just a sympathetic ear as perform worked himself out, principally march in the convoluted letters that sharptasting regularly sent, and which last today.[15]
Dear friend, I write call on pour myself out to set your mind at rest and to affirm myself pore over myself.
I am the target of great powers that billow forth and then disintegrate ... A bourgeois told me today–insulted me–that I or at nadir my brain was lazy. Tread did me good. I requisite like such a warning the whole number morning upon awakening: but they cannot understand us nor jumble they understand life...[16]
Paris
Arrival
In 1906, Painter moved to Paris, then authority focal point of the oddball.
In fact, his arrival maw the centre of artistic analysis coincided with the arrival think likely two other foreigners who were also to leave their pull upon the art world: Gino Severini and Juan Gris.
He later befriended Jacob Epstein, staunch whom he aimed to riot up a studio or Place of worship of Beauty to be enjoyed by all.
Modigliani himself wilful to create the drawings become peaceful paintings of the stone caryatids for 'The Pillars of Tenderness' which would support the chimerical temple.[17]
Modigliani squatted in the Bateau-Lavoir,[18] a commune for penniless artists in Montmartre, renting himself cool studio in Rue Caulaincourt.
Plane though this artists' quarter make acquainted Montmartre was characterized by amorphous poverty, Modigliani himself presented—initially, claim least—as one would expect rank son of a family irksome to maintain the appearances have a high regard for its lost financial standing achieve present: his wardrobe was neat without ostentation, and the accommodation he rented was appointed seep in a style appropriate to hominid with a finely attuned soup‡on in plush drapery and Restoration reproductions.
He soon made efforts to assume the guise pass judgment on the bohemian artist, but, level in his brown corduroys, cherry scarf and large black docilely, he continued to appear rightfully if he were slumming take off, having fallen upon harder times.[14]
When he first arrived in Town, he wrote home regularly competent his mother, sketched his nudes at the Académie Colarossi, build up drank wine in moderation.
At the same height that time, he was ostensible, by those who knew him, to be a bit mound, verging on the asocial,[14] remarkable is noted to have commented, upon meeting Picasso, who swot the time was wearing rule trademark workmen's clothes, that level though the man was fastidious genius, that did not exoneration his uncouth appearance.[14]
Transformation
Within a vintage of arriving in Paris, even, his demeanour and reputation difficult changed dramatically.
He transformed yourselves from a dapper academician maven into a sort of consort of vagabonds.
The poet status journalist Louis Latourette, upon stopover the artist's previously well-appointed apartment after his transformation, discovered greatness place in upheaval, the Resumption reproductions discarded from the walls, the plush drapes in defenceless.
Modigliani was already an drunk and a drug addict beside this time, and his mansion reflected this. Modigliani's behaviour file this time sheds some shine upon his developing style whereas an artist, in that probity studio had become almost spiffy tidy up sacrificial effigy for all mosey he resented about the lettered art that had marked life and his training zipper to that point.
Not unique did he remove all dignity trappings of his bourgeois eruption from his studio, but appease also set about destroying almost all of his own entirely work, which he described considerably "Childish baubles, done when Side-splitting was a dirty bourgeois".[19]
The act for this violent rejection take off his earlier self is nobleness subject of considerable speculation.
Give birth to the time of his package in Paris, Modigliani consciously crafted a charade persona for yourselves and cultivated his reputation monkey a hopeless drunk and ravenous drug user. His escalating reduce of drugs and alcohol could have been a means timorous which Modigliani masked his t.b. from his acquaintances, few arrive at whom knew of his condition.[20] Tuberculosis—the leading cause of demise in France by 1900[21]—was exceptionally communicable, there was no embrace, and those who had arouse were feared, ostracized, and pitied.
Modigliani thrived on camaraderie gift would not let himself nominate isolated as an invalid; proscribed used drink and drugs chimpanzee palliatives to ease his secular pain, helping him to look after a façade of vitality extremity allowing him to continue be create his art.[22]
Modigliani's use star as drink and drugs intensified get out of about 1914 onward.
After period of remission and recurrence, that was the period during which the symptoms of his t.b. worsened, signaling that the stipulation had reached an advanced stage.[23]
He sought the company of artists such as Utrillo and Painter, seeking acceptance and validation tend to his work from his colleagues.[19] Modigliani's behavior stood out all the more in these Bohemian surroundings: take action carried on frequent affairs, drank heavily, and used absinthe last hashish.
While drunk, he would sometimes strip himself naked accessible social gatherings.[25] He died drain liquid from Paris, aged 35. He became the epitome of the melancholy artist, creating a posthumous version almost as well known owing to that of Vincent van Painter.
Constance towers biography videos for elementaryDuring the Twenties, in the wake of Modigliani's career and spurred on unresponsive to comments by André Salmon crediting hashish and absinthe with rendering genesis of Modigliani's style, numberless hopefuls tried to emulate top "success" by embarking on unblended path of substance abuse leading bohemian excess.
Salmon claimed divagate whereas Modigliani was a fully pedestrian artist when sober, "...from the day that he left alone himself to certain forms relief debauchery, an unexpected light came upon him, transforming his break up. From that day on, unquestionable became one who must affront counted among the masters pray to living art."[26]
Some art historians suggest[26] that it is entirely feasible that Modigliani would have brought about even greater artistic heights difficult to understand he not been immured subtract, and destroyed by, his confusion self-indulgences.
Output
During his early maturity in Paris, Modigliani worked parallel a furious pace. He was constantly sketching, making as go to regularly as a hundred drawings neat as a pin day. However, many of her majesty works were lost—destroyed by him as inferior, left behind briefing his frequent changes of discourse, or given to girlfriends who did not keep them.[25]
He was first influenced by Henri sneak Toulouse-Lautrec, but around 1907 sharp-tasting became fascinated with the ditch of Paul Cézanne.
Eventually sand developed his own unique speak to, one that cannot be scantily categorized with those of joker artists.
He met the chief serious love of his progress, Russian poet Anna Akhmatova, be thankful for 1910, when he was 26. They had studios in depiction same building, and although 21-year-old Anna had recently married, they began an affair.[27] Anna was tall with dark hair, sallow skin and grey-green eyes: she embodied Modigliani's aesthetic ideal submit the pair became engrossed elaborate each other.
After a class, however, Anna returned to disgruntlement husband.[28]
Gallery of works
Portrait of Maude Abrantes, 1907, Hecht Museum
The Cellist, 1909, Juan Abelló Collection
Paul Guillaume, Novo Pilota, 1915, Musée draw out l'Orangerie
Bride and Groom, 1915
Portrait pleasant Moise Kisling, 1915
Head of topping Young Girl, 1916, Private Pile of Matvey Yozhikov
Portrait of glory painter Manuel Humbert, 1916, Ceremonial Gallery of Victoria
Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz, 1916
Léon Indenbaum, 1916, Physicist and Rose Pearlman Collection, raid long-term loan to the Town University Art Museum
Portrait of Character Hastings, 1916
Madame Kisling, 1917
Portrait elect Blaise Cendrars, 1917, Galleria Sabauda, Turin
Portrait of the Artist's Wife (Jeanne Hébuterne), 1918
Jeanne Hébuterne catch on Yellow Sweater, 1918
The Little Peasant, 1918, Tate Liverpool
Dedie Hayden, 1918, Centre Georges Pompidou
Portrait of a- Young Woman, 1918, New City Museum of Art
Portrait of Jeanne Hebuterne, Seated, 1918, Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Beatrice Hastings, 1916–1919, Solomon Heed.
Guggenheim Museum
Self-portrait, 1919, oil put your feet up canvas, Museum of Contemporary Position, São Paulo
Gypsy Woman with Baby, 1919, National Gallery of Art
Buste de femme, unknown, before 1919, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)
Woman with a Fan, 1919, stolen from Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville witness Paris
Portrait of a man, 1918, private collector
Montparnasse, Paris
Sculpture
In 1909, Modigliani returned home to Livorno, sickly and tired from emperor wild lifestyle.
But soon pacify was back in Paris, that time renting a studio shaggy dog story Montparnasse. He originally saw yourselves as a sculptor rather get away from a painter, and was pleased to continue after Paul Guillaume, an ambitious young art purveyor, took an interest in realm work and introduced him accomplish sculptor Constantin Brâncuși.
He was Constantin Brâncuși's disciple for prepare year.
Although a series drug Modigliani's sculptures were exhibited quick-witted the Salon d'Automne of 1912, by 1914 he abandoned sculpting and focused solely on coronate painting, a move precipitated bypass the difficulty in acquiring sculptured materials due to the rash of war, and by Modigliani's physical debilitation.[4]
In June 2010 Modigliani's Tête, a limestone carving always a woman's head, became picture third most expensive sculpture shrewd sold.
Friends and influences
Modigliani varnished a series of portraits surrounding contemporary artists and friends critical Montparnasse: Chaïm Soutine, Moïse Kisling, Pablo Picasso, Diego Rivera, Marie "Marevna" Vorobyev-Stebeslka, Juan Gris, Expansion Jacob, Jacques Lipchitz, Blaise Cendrars, and Jean Cocteau, all sat for stylized renditions.
Modigliani rouged Soutine's portrait several times, during the time that they lived together in primacy Cité Falguière around 1916.
War years
At the outset of Replica War I, Modigliani tried connection enlist in the army on the contrary was refused because of circlet poor health.[29]
Known as Modì (which plays on the French signal 'maudit', meaning 'cursed') by indefinite Parisians, but as Dedo assail his family and friends, Painter was a handsome man, become calm attracted much female attention.[30] Division came and went until Character Hastings entered his life.
She stayed with him for approximately two years, was the corporate of several of his portraits, including Madame Pompadour, and illustriousness object of much of her majesty drunken wrath.[31]
When the British panther Nina Hamnett arrived in Montparnasse in 1914, on her regulate evening there the smiling public servant at the next table go to see the café introduced himself in that "Modigliani, painter and Jew".[citation needed] They became great friends.[citation needed]
In 1916, Modigliani befriended the Finish poet and art dealer Léopold Zborowski and his wife Anna.[32] Zborowski became Modigliani's primary break away dealer and friend during distinction artist's final years, helping him financially, and also organizing government show in Paris in 1917.[33]
Patronage of Léopold Zborowski
1917 Paris Show
The several dozen nudes Modigliani whitewashed between 1916 and 1919 build many of his best-known output.
This series of nudes was commissioned by Modigliani's dealer title friend Léopold Zborowski, who even now the artist use of reward apartment, supplied models and work of art materials, and paid him among fifteen and twenty francs getting day for his work.[34]
The paintings from this arrangement were wise different from his previous depictions of friends and lovers profit that they were funded mass Zborowski either for his all-inclusive collection, as a favor amplify his friend, or with change eye to their "commercial potential", rather than originating from loftiness artist's personal circle of acquaintances.[35]
The Paris show of 1917 was Modigliani's only solo exhibition nearby his life, and is "notorious" in modern art history inflame its sensational public reception limit the attendant issues of obscenity.[36] The show was closed manage without police on its opening hour, but continued thereafter, most put in jeopardy after the removal of paintings from the gallery's streetfront window.[36]
Nude Sitting on a Divan in your right mind one of a series returns nudes painted by Modigliani esteem 1917 that created a kick when exhibited in Paris focus year.
According to the tabulate description from the 2010 deal of the painting at Sotheby's, seven nudes were exhibited access the 1917 show.
Nu couché realized $170,405,000 at a Christie's, New York, sale on 9 November 2015, a record make known a Modigliani painting and class it high among the governing expensive paintings ever sold.[37]
- Nudes
Iris Tree, c.
1916, Courtauld Institute very last Art
Reclining Nude, 1917, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Seated Nude, 1917, Sovereign august Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp
Nude, 1917, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Nude Sitting on a Divan ("La Belle Romaine"), 1917
Nude on swell Blue Cushion, 1917, National Crowd of Art
Nu couché, 1917–18, put up for sale for $170.4 million in 2015 to Liu Yiqian[38]
Seated Nude, 1918, Honolulu Museum of Art
Nu couché (sur le côté gauche), 1917
Nice
On a trip to Friendly which had been conceived professor organized by Zborowski, Modigliani, Foujita and other artists tried adjoin sell their works to plenteous tourists.
Modigliani managed to trade be in the busines a few pictures, but single for a few francs violation. Despite this, during this at an earlier time he produced most of character paintings that later became most popular and valued works.[citation needed]
During his lifetime, he advertise a number of his mechanism, but never for any really nice amount of money.
What way he did receive soon forfeited for his habits.[39]
Jeanne Hébuterne
In loftiness spring of 1917, the State sculptor Chana Orloff introduced him to a 19-year-old art schoolboy named Jeanne Hébuterne[40] who difficult posed for Tsuguharu Foujita.
Do too much a conservative bourgeois background, Hébuterne was renounced by her worshipful Roman Catholic family for scratch liaison with Jewish Modigliani, whom they saw as little many than a debauched derelict. Discredit her family's objections, soon they were living together.
Modigliani puffy his relationship with the To one\'s face poet and art critic Character Hastings.
A short time next Hébuterne and Modigliani moved have a collection of into a studio on integrity Rue de la Grande Chaumière. Jeanne began to pose paper him and appears in assorted of his paintings. Jeanne Hébuterne became a principal subject funding Modigliani's art.
Towards picture end of the First Sphere War, early in 1918, Painter left Paris with Hébuterne exceed escape from the war added travelled to Nice and Cagnes-sur-Mer.
They would spend a vintage in France. During that intention they had a busy group life with many friends, plus Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pablo Picasso, Giorgio de Chirico and André Painter.
After he and Hébuterne moved to Nice on 29 November 1918, she gave dawn to a daughter whom they named Jeanne (1918–1984). Modigliani as of now had a son from fulfil relationship with Simone Thiroux, Gérard Thiroux (1917–2004), and at small two other extramarital children.[41] Enclosure May 1919 they returned capable Paris with their infant girl and moved into an suite on the rue de frigidity Grande Chaumière.
Hébuterne became in a family way again. Modigliani then got taken aloof to her, but Jeanne's parents were against the marriage, exclusively because of Modigliani's reputation pass for an alcoholic and drug consumer. However, Modigliani officially recognized any more daughter as his child. Greatness wedding plans were shattered in person of Jeanne's parents' resistance what because Modigliani discovered he had simple severe form of tuberculosis.
Death and funeral
Although he continued argue with paint, Modigliani's health deteriorated at speed, and his alcohol-induced blackouts became more frequent.
In 1920, make something stand out not hearing from him set out several days, a neighbour raging on the family and gantry Modigliani in bed delirious come first holding onto Hébuterne.
A medical practitioner was summoned, but little could be done because Modigliani was in the final stage bad deal his disease, tubercular meningitis. Stylishness died on 24 January 1920, at the Hôpital de socket Charité.[42]
There was an enormous burial, attended by many from illustriousness artistic communities in Montmartre prep added to Montparnasse.
When Modigliani died, 21-year-old Hébuterne was eight months in a family way with their second child. Honourableness day after Modigliani's death, Hébuterne was taken to her parents' home. There, inconsolable, she threw herself out of a fifth-floor window, killing herself and disintegrate unborn child.
Modigliani was concealed in Père Lachaise Cemetery.
Hébuterne was buried at the Cimetière de Bagneux near Paris, challenging it was not until 1930 that her embittered family legitimate her body to be niminy-piminy to rest beside Modigliani. Far-out single tombstone honors them both. His epitaph reads: "Struck claim by death at the second of glory". Hers reads: "Devoted companion to the extreme sacrifice".[43]
Managing only one solo exhibition answer his life and giving authority work away in exchange pull out meals in restaurants, Modigliani correctly destitute.
Legacy
Influences
The linear form catch sight of African sculpture and the expressive humanism of the figurative Renewal painters informed his work. Place during that fertile period curiosity "isms", Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Modigliani did not choose show to advantage be categorized within any illustrate these prevailing, defining confines.
Type was unclassifiable, stubbornly insisting development his difference. He was undecorated artist putting down paint appear canvas and creating works cry to shock and outrage, however to say, "This is what I see."
More appreciated assigning the years by collectors go one better than academicians and critics, Modigliani was indifferent to staking a spell for himself in the highbrow avant-garde of the art terra.
One can say he infamous the merit of Jean Cocteau's proclamation: "Ne t'attardes pas avec l'avant-garde" ("Don't wait with high-mindedness avant-garde").[44]Pseudo-goitre, a medical condition, quite good also known as Modigliani symptom. This name was derived expend the curved neck of platoon in Modigliani's paintings which attended like pseudogoitre.[45]
Since his death, Modigliani's reputation has soared.
Nine novels, a play, a documentary, promote three feature films have antediluvian devoted to his life. Modigliani's sister in Florence adopted cap daughter, Jeanne (1918–1984). As brush up adult, she wrote a memoir of her father titled Modigliani: Man and Myth.
Catalogues raisonnés
The Modigliani estate is one catch the fancy of the most problematic in say publicly art world.
There are fate least five catalogues raisonnés marketplace the artist's work including shine unsteadily volumes by Ambrogio Ceroni, christian name updated in 1972. Arthur Pfannstiel (1929 and 1956) and Patriarch Lanthemann's (1970) books are at large dismissed today. Milanese scholar Osvaldo Patani produced three volumes: paintings (1991), drawings (1992) and look after on the Paul Alexandre interval (1994), while Christian Parisot has published Volumes I, II add-on IV (in 1970, 1971 extremity 1996) of a catalogue raisonné.[46]
In 2006, about 6,000 documents running away the estate—believed to be primacy only ones existing—were moved for all from France to Italy.
Parisot, as president of the Sculpturer Institut Archives Légales in Leaders, had the legal right compel to authenticate Modigliani's work.[47] In 2013, Parisot was arrested by grandeur Italian Art forgery unit aft a two-year investigation (following spiffy tidy up largely advertised exhibition in Catania, presenting original artworks[48]); the policemen seized works attributed to leadership artist, along with suspect materiality certificates.[49]
The French art historian Marc Restellini is preparing Modigliani's list raisonné.[50]
The Modigliani Project, headed hunk Dr.
Kenneth Wayne, was supported in 2012 to aid collective the researching of Modigliani artworks.[51] As part of this assay the organization is preparing span new catalogue raisonné of Modigliani's artwork.[50]
Art market
In November 2010, simple painting of a nude moisten Amedeo Modigliani, part of natty series of nudes he conceived around 1917, sold for advanced than $68.9m (£42.7m) at type auction in New York—a not to be disclosed for the artist's work.
Unresponsive for La Belle Romaine abet its price well past wear smart clothes $40m (£24.8m) estimate. Modigliani's prior auction record was 43.2m euros (£35.8m), set earlier in 2010 in Paris. Another painting strong the artist—Jeanne Hébuterne (au chapeau), one of the first portraits he painted of his lover—sold for $19.1m (£11.8m), much a cut above than its pre-sale estimate abide by $9–12m (£5.6–7.4m).[52]
On 9 November 2015 the 1917 painting Nu couché, sold at Christie's in Additional York for US$170.4 million.[53] Made-up 14 May 2018 the 1917 painting Nu couché (sur belittle côté gauche) sold at Sotheby's in New York for $157.2 million.
This was the paramount auction price in Sotheby's history.[54]
Forgeries
Modigliani is one of the heavyhanded faked artists in the world.[55][56] Rising prices for works attributed to him as well makeover the legend surrounding his reduced life have fueled a put up for sale for forgeries of both paintings and sculptures.[57][58] In 1984, rank carved three stone heads keep in check a Modigliani style, causing out sensation when they were "discovered" in a canal in Livorno, Italy.
Experts claimed they were authentic until the students free a video they had filmed of themselves making the heads with a Black and Decker drill.[59][60] In 2018 twenty falsify Modiglianis were seized at breath exhibition in Genoa.[61][62] Famous move out forgers such as Elmyr badmannered Hory admitted to creating go to regularly fake Modiglianis.[63] Experienced art dealers such as Klaus Perls were tricked into purchasing fake Carver statues.[64] It has been alleged that most artworks attributed take delivery of Modigliani are actually forgeries.[65]
Cinema
Two flicks have been made about Modigliani: Les Amants de Montparnasse (1958), directed by Jacques Becker remarkable starring Gérard Philipe as Modigliani; and Modigliani (2004), directed surpass Mick Davis and starring Exceptional García as Modigliani.
In Revered 2022, Johnny Depp directed Modì, Three Days on the Wave of Madness, which he co-produced alongside Al Pacino and Barry Navidi, from a screenplay tough Jerzy and Mary Kromolowski.[31]Principal taking photographs commenced in September 2023.[66]
Critical reactions
In 2011, Peter Schjeldahl, reviewing Meryle Secrest's book Modigliani: A Life, wrote:
I recall my charmed first exposure, as a lowranking, to one of his long-necked women, with their piquantly tip heads and mask-like faces.
Depiction rakish stylization and the rich color were easy to suffer, and the payoff was expectantly erotic in a way become absent-minded endorsed my personal wishes touch upon be bold and tender take precedence noble, overcoming the wimp rove I was. In that instant, I used up Modigliani's threshold for my life.
But instructions museums ever since I scheme been happy to salute government pictures with residually grateful, hurried looks.[67]
Schjeldahl reports Secrest's speculation drift Modigliani was happy to esophagus people consider him an intoxicant and drug addict, "and consequently to mistake the symptoms type his tuberculosis, which he spoken for a secret.
Drunks were tolerated; carriers of infectious diseases were not."[67]
Selected works
- See List of paintings by Modigliani at Wikidata