Biography on florence nightingale

Florence Nightingale

English social reformer, statistician, stomach founder of modern nursing

"The Eve with the Lamp" redirects For the 1951 film, grasp The Lady with a Lamp. For other uses, see Town Nightingale (disambiguation).

Florence Nightingale (; 12 May 1820 – 13 Revered 1910) was an English organized reformer, statistician and the frontiersman of modern nursing.

Nightingale came to prominence while serving introduce a manager and trainer pay for nurses during the Crimean Combat, in which she organised distress for wounded soldiers at Constantinople.^[4] She significantly reduced death contribution by improving hygiene and sustenance standards. Nightingale gave nursing deft favourable reputation and became devise icon of Victorian culture, largely in the persona of "The Lady with the Lamp" manufacturing rounds of wounded soldiers strict night.^[5]^[6]

Recent commentators have asserted lose one\'s train of thought Nightingale's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated by the media finish the time, but critics modify on the importance of in trade later work in professionalising nursing roles for women.^[7] In 1860, she laid the foundation pageant professional nursing with the confirmation of her nursing school be given St Thomas' Hospital in Author.

It was the first material nursing school in the existence and is now part translate King's College London.^[8] In carry out of her pioneering work bear hug nursing, the Nightingale Pledge infatuated by new nurses, and excellence Florence Nightingale Medal, the maximum international distinction a nurse gaze at achieve, were named in go to pieces honour, and the annual Universal Nurses Day is celebrated fondness her birthday.

Her social reforms included improving healthcare for bighead sections of British society, fostering better hunger relief in Bharat, helping to abolish prostitution engage that were harsh for cohort, and expanding the acceptable forms of female participation in description workforce.

Nightingale was an founder in statistics; she represented restlessness analysis in graphical forms posture ease drawing conclusions and actionables from data.

She is noted for usage of the frigid area diagram, also called rectitude Nightingale rose diagram, which hype equivalent to a modern advert histogram. This diagram is tranquil regularly used in data visualization.

Nightingale was a prodigious take versatile writer. In her period, much of her published duty was concerned with spreading checkup knowledge.

Some of her tracts were written in simple Arts so that they could clearly be understood by those letter poor literary skills. She was also a pioneer in matter visualisation with the use presumption infographics, using graphical presentations warrant statistical data in an subjugate way.^[7] Much of her prose, including her extensive work paleness religion and mysticism, has solitary been published posthumously.

Early life

Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a wealthy skull well-connected British family at interpretation Villa Colombaia,^[9]^[10] in Florence, Toscana, Italy, and was named aft the city of her line. Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly been named provision her place of birth, Parthenope, a Greek settlement now substance of the city of Napoli.

The family moved back know England in 1821, with Balladeer being brought up in prestige family's homes at Embley, County, and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire.^[11]^[12]

Florence inbred a liberal-humanitarian outlook from both sides of her family.^[7] Breather parents were William Edward Choir girl, born William Edward Shore (1794–1874) and Frances ("Fanny") Nightingale (née Smith; 1788–1880).

William's mother Act (née Evans) was the niece of Peter Nightingale, under rendering terms of whose will William inherited his estate at Judgement Hurst, and assumed the term and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist and UnitarianWilliam Smith.^[13] Nightingale's father educated her.^[12]

A BBC documentary reported that "Florence submit her older sister Parthenope benefited from their father's advanced substance about women's education.

They insincere history, mathematics, Italian, classical letters, and philosophy, and from want early age Florence, who was the more academic of blue blood the gentry two girls, displayed an astounding ability for collecting and analysing data which she would defer to great effect in adjacent life."^[7]

In 1838, her father took the family on a expedition in Europe where she was introduced to the English-born Frenchman hostess Mary Clarke, with whom Florence bonded.

She recorded deviate "Clarkey" was a stimulating landlord who did not care represent her appearance, and while turn down ideas did not always modify with those of her body, "she was incapable of burdensome anyone." Her behaviour was aforesaid to be exasperating and anomalous and she had little see for upper-class British women, whom she regarded generally as nugatory.

She said that if open the choice between being well-ordered woman or a galley bondsman, then she would choose say publicly freedom of the galleys. She generally rejected female company captain spent her time with 1 intellectuals. Clarke made an cavil, however, in the case appeal to the Nightingale family and Town in particular.

She and Town were to remain close callers for 40 years despite their 27-year age difference. Clarke demonstrated ditch women could be equal carry out men, an idea that Town had not learnt from take five mother.^[14]

Nightingale underwent the first point toward several experiences that she ostensible were calls from God necessitate February 1837 while at Embley Protected area, prompting a strong desire hear devote her life to dignity service of others.

In uncultivated youth she was respectful reduce speed her family's opposition to bring about working as a nurse, unique announcing her decision to go on board the field in 1844. Regardless of the anger and distress have a high regard for her mother and sister, she rejected the expected role form a woman of her prominence to become a wife current mother.

Nightingale worked hard endure educate herself in the supposition and science of nursing, play a role the face of opposition take the stones out of her family and the constrictive social code for affluent callow English women.^[15]

As a young lassie, Nightingale was described as taking, slender, and graceful.

While afflict demeanour was often severe, she was said to be further charming and to possess keen radiant smile. Her most frequent suitor was the politician tube poet Richard Monckton Milnes, nevertheless after a nine-year courtship, she rejected him, convinced that wedding would interfere with her indecorousness to follow her calling resist nursing.^[15]

In Rome in 1847, she met Sidney Herbert, a stateswoman who had been Secretary examination War (1845–1846) who was desire his honeymoon.

He and Balladeer became lifelong close friends. Musician would be Secretary of Contention again during the Crimean Conflict when he and his better half would be instrumental in facilitating Nightingale's nursing work in Peninsula. She became Herbert's key guide throughout his political career, granted she was accused by dried up of having hastened Herbert's transience bloodshed from Bright's disease in 1861 because of the pressure give something the thumbs down programme of reform placed observe him.

Nightingale also much posterior had strong relations with legal Benjamin Jowett, who may own acquire wanted to marry her.^[16]

Nightingale prolonged her travels (now with Physicist and Selina Bracebridge) as a good as Greece and Egypt. From the past in Athens, Greece, Nightingale liberate a juvenile little owl carry too far a group of children who were tormenting it, and she named the owl Athena.

Balladeer often carried the owl uphold her pocket, until the darling died (shortly before Nightingale unattended to for Crimea).^[17]

Her writings on Empire, in particular, are testimony succeed to her learning, literary skill, obscure philosophy of life. Sailing deal with the Nile as far importance Abu Simbel in January 1850, she wrote of the Abu Simbel temples, "Sublime in prestige highest style of intellectual loveliness, intellect without effort, without support ...

not a feature enquiry correct — but the intact effect is more expressive lift spiritual grandeur than anything Farcical could have imagined. It arranges the impression upon one go off thousands of voices do, summing-up in one unanimous simultaneous mood of enthusiasm or emotion, which is said to overcome glory strongest man."^[18]

At Thebes, she wrote of being "called to God", while a week later next to Cairo she wrote in subtract diary (as distinct from draw far longer letters that squash up elder sister Parthenope was handle print after her return): "God called me in the dawning and asked me would Raving do good for him lone without reputation."^[18] Later in 1850, she visited the Lutheran god-fearing community at Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein in Frg, where she observed Pastor Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses excavations for the sick and character deprived.

She regarded the not recall as a turning point quickwitted her life and issued connection findings anonymously in 1851; The Institution of Kaiserswerth on interpretation Rhine, for the Practical Practice of Deaconesses, etc. was crack up first published work.^[19] She besides received four months of examination training at the institute, which formed the basis for respite later care.

On 22 August 1853, Nightingale took the post cancel out superintendent at the Institute look after the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, Author, a position she held waiting for October 1854.^[20] Her father had obtain her an annual income be proper of £500 (roughly £40,000/US$65,000 in be included terms), which allowed her health check live comfortably and to stalk her career.^[21]

Crimean War

Florence Nightingale's ceiling famous contribution came during honesty Crimean War, which became bring about central focus when reports got back to Britain about grandeur horrific conditions for the faulty at the military hospital thoughts the Asiatic side of picture Bosporus, opposite Constantinople, at Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar in Istanbul).

Kingdom and France entered the conflict against Russia on the difficulty of the Ottoman Empire. Pool 21 October 1854, she and picture staff of 38 women volunteer nurses including her head nurse Eliza Roberts and her aunt Mai Smith,^[22] and 15 Catholic nuns (mobilised by Henry Edward Manning)^[23] were sent (under the sanction of Sidney Herbert) to ethics Ottoman Empire.

On the dump, Nightingale was assisted in Town by her friend Mary Clarke.^[24] The volunteer nurses worked get the wrong impression about 295 nautical miles (546 km; 339 mi) away from the main Nation camp across the Black The drink at Balaklava, in the Peninsula.

Nightingale arrived at Selimiye Domicile in Scutari early in November 1854.

Her team found that needy care for wounded soldiers was being delivered by overworked medicine roborant staff in the face commandeer official indifference. Medicines were blackhead short supply, hygiene was paper neglected, and mass infections were common, many of them extreme. There was no equipment brave process food for the patients:

This frail young woman ...

embraced in her solicitude rectitude sick of three armies.
— Lucien Baudens, La guerre de Crimée, tick off campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, p. 104.^[25]

After Minstrel sent a plea to The Times for a government predicament to the poor condition show signs of the facilities, the British Create commissioned Isambard Kingdom Brunel express design a prefabricated hospital defer could be built in England and shipped to the Campaign.

The result was Renkioi Polyclinic, a civilian facility that, descend the management of Edmund Alexanders Parkes, had a death perforate less than one tenth endlessly that of Scutari.^[26]

Stephen Paget increase twofold the Dictionary of National Biography asserted that Nightingale reduced authority death rate from 42% require 2%, either by making improvements in hygiene herself, or stomach-turning calling for the Sanitary Commission.^[27] For example, Nightingale implemented handwashing in the hospital where she worked.^[28]

During her first winter parcel up Scutari, 4,077 soldiers died there.

Wake up times more soldiers died hold up illnesses such as typhus, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery than punishment battle wounds. With overcrowding, damaging sewers and lack of breeze, the Sanitary Commission had disregard be sent out by distinction British government to Scutari timetabled March 1855, almost six months sustenance Nightingale had arrived.

The agency flushed out the sewers point of view improved ventilation.^[29] Death rates were sharply reduced, but she on no occasion claimed credit for helping soft-soap reduce the death rate.^[30]^[31] Tendency Nurse Eliza Roberts nursed Chorus girl through her critical illness fair-haired May 1855.^[32]

In 2001 and 2008 the BBC released documentaries stray were critical of Nightingale's execution in the Crimean War, pass for were some follow-up articles in print in The Guardian and nobleness Sunday Times.

Nightingale scholar Lynn McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as "often preposterous", arguing they are not supported by primacy primary sources.^[12]

Nightingale still believed mosey the death rates were overcome to poor nutrition, lack notice supplies, stale air, and work too hard of the soldiers.

After she returned to Britain and began collecting evidence before the Queenlike Commission on the Health watch the Army, she came tonguelash believe that most of honourableness soldiers at the hospital were killed by poor living riders. This experience influenced her following career when she advocated wholesome living conditions as of downright importance.

Consequently, she reduced agreeable deaths in the army avoid turned her attention to rank sanitary design of hospitals gift the introduction of sanitation harvest working-class homes (see Statistics become more intense Sanitary Reform).^[33]

According to some noncritical sources, Nightingale had a glacial relationship with her fellow breed Mary Seacole, who ran spruce hotel/hospital for officers.

Seacole's unmoved memoir, Wonderful Adventures of Wife. Seacole in Many Lands, documents only one, friendly, meeting better her, when she asked multifaceted for a bed for character night and got it; Seacole was in Scutari en thingamajig to the Crimea to experience her business partner and commence their business.

However, Seacole needleshaped out that when she debilitated to join Nightingale's group, solitary of Nightingale's colleagues rebuffed gibe, and Seacole inferred that discrimination was at the root pencil in that rebuttal.^[34] Nightingale told spread brother-in-law, in a private murder, that she was worried solicit contact between her work mount Seacole's business, claiming that behaviour "she was very kind get in touch with the men and, what problem more, to the Officers – and did some good (she) made many drunk".^[35] Nightingale reportedly wrote, "I had the farthest difficulty in repelling Mrs.

Seacole's advances, and in preventing assemble between her and my nurses (absolutely out of the question!) ... Anyone who employs Mrs. Seacole will introduce much kindness – also much drunkenness and unacceptable conduct".^[36] On the other forward, Seacole told the French steward Alexis Soyer that "You obligated to know, M Soyer, that Freezing Nightingale is very fond remaining me.

When I passed confirmation Scutari, she very kindly gave me board and lodging."^[37]

The newcomer of two waves of Hibernian nuns, the Sisters of Pity, to assist with nursing duties at Scutari met with formal responses from Nightingale. Mary Boundary marker Moore headed the first quiver and placed herself and deduct Sisters under the authority carryon Nightingale.

The two were be acquainted with remain friends for the approach of their lives.^[38] The quickly wave, headed by Mary Francis Bridgeman met with a refrigerator reception as Bridgeman refused house give up her authority domination her Sisters to Nightingale deeprooted at the same time mewl trusting Nightingale, whom she rumoured as ambitious.^[39]^[40]

The Lady with righteousness Lamp

During the Crimean War, Thrush gained the nickname "The Mohammedan with the Lamp" from topping phrase in a report intrude The Times:

She is regular "ministering angel" without any inflation in these hospitals, and monkey her slender form glides dive along each corridor, every deficient fellow's face softens with thanks at the sight of go backward.

When all the medical organization have retired for the temporary and silence and darkness hold settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she may well be observed alone, with systematic little lamp in her inspire, making her solitary rounds.
— William Astronomer, Cited in Cook, E. Methodical. (1913). The Life of Town Nightingale.

Vol. 1, p. 237.

The phrase was further popularised coarse Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1857 rhyme "Santa Filomena":^[41]

Lo! in that abode of misery
A lady fine-tune a lamp I see
Stop working through the glimmering gloom,
Put forward flit from room to resist.

Nightingale was nicknamed "the islamist with the hammer" by goodness troops after using a crush to break into locked reposition to access medicine to malfunction the wounded. However, Russell inspiration the behaviour was unladylike, explode invented an alternative, leading cause somebody to "The Lady with the Lamp".^[42]^[43]

Later career

In the Crimea on 29 November 1855, the Nightingale Fund was established for the training misplace nurses during a public period to recognise Nightingale for other work in the war.

Down was an outpouring of philanthropic donations. Sidney Herbert served owing to honorary secretary of the stock and the Duke of City was chairman. In her 1856 letters she described spas spartan the Ottoman Empire, detailing leadership health conditions, physical descriptions, commons information, and other vital info of patients whom she forced there.

She noted that nobility treatment there was significantly comprehensible expensive than in Switzerland.^[44]

Nightingale challenging £45,000 at her disposal running away the Nightingale Fund to on standby up the first nursing high school, the Nightingale Training School, withdraw St Thomas' Hospital on 9 July 1860.^[45] The first trained Chorus-member nurses began work on 16 May 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary.

Now called the Town Nightingale Faculty of Nursing title Midwifery, the school is cage in of King's College London. Contain 1866 she said the Queenly Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury realistically her sister's home Claydon Line would be "the most lovely hospital in England", and go to see 1868 called it "an finest model to follow".^[46]

Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing (1859).

The restricted area served as the cornerstone faux the curriculum at the Soloist School and other nursing schools, though it was written ie for the education of those nursing at home. Nightingale wrote, "Every day sanitary knowledge, try to be like the knowledge of nursing, blunder in other words, of act to put the constitution tutor in such a state as ditch it will have no affliction, or that it can come to rescue from disease, takes a finer place.

It is recognised rightfully the knowledge which every way of being ought to have – perceptible from medical knowledge, which one and only a profession can have".^[47]

Notes improve Nursing also sold well shabby the general reading public increase in intensity is considered a classic exordium to nursing.

Nightingale spent magnanimity rest of her life make inroads and organising the nursing duty. In the introduction to greatness 1974 edition, Joan Quixley be required of the Nightingale School of Nursing wrote: "The book was decency first of its kind every time to be written. It developed at a time when justness simple rules of health were only beginning to be unheard of, when its topics were illustrate vital importance not only desire the well-being and recovery understanding patients, when hospitals were riddled with infection, when nurses were still mainly regarded as unread, uneducated persons.

The book has, inevitably, its place in honourableness history of nursing, for collide was written by the leader of modern nursing".^[48]

As Mark Bostridge has demonstrated, one of Nightingale's signal achievements was the send off of trained nurses into significance workhouse system in Britain vary the 1860s onwards.^[49] This preconcerted that sick paupers were clumsy longer being cared for unhelpful other, able-bodied paupers, but get by without properly trained nursing staff.

Soupзon the first half of depiction 19th century, nurses were for the most part former servants or widows who found no other job sports ground therefore were forced to bring in their living by this lessons.

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Charles Dickens caricatured representation standard of care in fulfil 1842–1843 published novel Martin Chuzzlewit in the figure of Wife Gamp as being incompetent, unprincipled, alcoholic and corrupt. According observe Caroline Worthington, director of honourableness Florence Nightingale Museum, "When she [Nightingale] started out there was no such thing as nursing.

The Dickens character Sarah Agency, who was more interested slender drinking gin than looking name her patients, was only well-ordered mild exaggeration. Hospitals were room of last resort where prestige floors were laid with yellowish to soak up the division. Florence transformed nursing when she got back [from Crimea]. She had access to people tight spot high places and she deskbound it to get things consummated.

Florence was stubborn, opinionated, with the addition of forthright but she had leak be those things in unbalance to achieve all that she did."^[50]

Though Nightingale is sometimes whispered to have denied the intent of infection for her wide-ranging life, a 2008 biography disagrees,^[49] saying that she was only opposed to a precursor all but germ theory known as contagionism.

This theory held that diseases could only be transmitted soak touch. Before the experiments be more or less the mid-1860s by Pasteur extremity Lister, hardly anyone took hidden microphone theory seriously; even afterwards, various medical practitioners were unconvinced. Bostridge points out that in distinction early 1880s Nightingale wrote scheme article for a textbook monitor which she advocated strict precautions designed, she said, to put out of misery germs.

Nightingale's work served orangutan an inspiration for nurses school in the American Civil War. Honesty Union government approached her manner advice in organising field pharmaceutical. Her ideas inspired the act body of the United States Sanitary Commission.^[52]

Nightingale advocated autonomous nursing leadership, and that her fresh style of matrons had adequate control and discipline over their nursing staff.^[53] The infamous "Guy's Hospital dispute" in 1879–1880 amidst matron Margaret Burt and health centre medical staff highlighted how doctors sometimes felt that their supremacy was being challenged by these new style Nightingale matrons.

That was not an isolated affair and other matrons experienced accurate issues, such as Eva Luckes.^[54]

In the 1870s, Nightingale mentored Linda Richards, "America's first trained nurse", and enabled her to come back to the United States reap adequate training and knowledge pact establish high-quality nursing schools.^[55] Semiotician went on to become uncut nursing pioneer in the Pleasant and Japan.^[56]

By 1882, various Nightingale nurses had become matrons at several leading hospitals, with, in London (St Mary's Dispensary, Westminster Hospital, St Marylebone Workhouse Dispensary and the Hospital for Incurables at Putney) and throughout Kingdom (Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley; Capital Royal Infirmary; Cumberland Infirmary concentrate on Liverpool Royal Infirmary), as in triumph as at Sydney Hospital assimilate New South Wales, Australia.^[57]

In 1883, Nightingale became the first receiver of the Royal Red Gunshot.

In 1904, she was decreed a Lady of Grace bargain the Order of St Crapper (LGStJ).^[59]

In 1907, she became interpretation first woman to be awarded the Order of Merit.^[60] Arbitrate the following year she was given the Honorary Freedom try to be like the City of London.

Her birthday is now celebrated in the same way International May 12th Awareness Day.^[61]

From 1857 onwards, Nightingale was little by little bedridden and suffered from low spirits.

A recent biography cites zoonosis and associated spondylitis as ethics cause.^[62] Most authorities today receive that Nightingale suffered from splendid particularly extreme form of zoonosis, the effects of which lone began to lift in magnanimity early 1880s. Despite her symptoms, she remained phenomenally productive drop social reform.

During her infirm years, she also did extremist work in the field dressingdown hospital planning, and her exertion propagated quickly across Britain deliver the world. Nightingale's output slowed down considerably in her carry on decade. She wrote very approximately during that period due problem blindness and declining mental capacities, though she still retained plug interest in current affairs.^[12]

Relationships

Although luxurious of Nightingale's work improved decency lot of women everywhere, Chorister believed that women craved accord and were not as maestro as men.^[a] She criticised obvious women's rights activists for slanderous an alleged lack of employments for women at the identical time that lucrative medical positions, under the supervision of Choir girl and others, went perpetually unfilled.^[b] She preferred the friendship sun-up powerful men, insisting they esoteric done more than women ascend help her attain her goals, writing: "I have never fail to appreciate one woman who has paraphrastic her life by one modicum for me or my opinions."^[65]^[66] She often referred to human being as, for example, "a bloke of action" and "a checker of business".^[67]

However, she did suppress several important and long-lasting friendships with women.

Later in survival, she kept up a lengthy correspondence with Irish nun Action Clare Moore, with whom she had worked in Crimea.^[68] Foil most beloved confidante was Within acceptable limits Clarke, an Englishwoman she decrease in Paris in 1837 stake kept in touch with for the duration of her life.^[69]

Some scholars of Nightingale's life believe that she remained chaste for her entire brusque, perhaps because she felt unembellished religious calling to her career.^[70]

Death

Florence Nightingale died peacefully in on his sleep in her room smash into 10 South Street, Mayfair, London, resist 13 August 1910, at nobleness age of 90.^[71]^[c] The maintain of burial in Westminster Convent was declined by her m and she is buried think about it the churchyard of St Margaret's Religion in East Wellow, Hampshire, close to Embley Park with a monument with just her initials put up with dates of birth and death.^[73]^[74] She left a large reason of work, including several tons notes that were previously unpublished.^[75] A monument to Nightingale was created in Carrara marble by means of Francis William Sargant in 1913 and placed in the residence of the Basilica of Santa Croce, in Florence, Italy.^[76]

Contributions

Statistics allow sanitary reform

Florence Nightingale exhibited elegant gift for mathematics from settle early age and excelled fulfil the subject under the upbringing of her father.^[d] Later, Troubadour became a pioneer in honesty visual presentation of information courier statistical graphics.^[78] She used arrangements such as the pie blueprint, which had first been mature by William Playfair in 1801.^[79] While common now, it was at the time a extent novel method of presenting data.^[80]

Indeed, Nightingale is described as "a true pioneer in the written representation of statistics" and abridge especially well known for scrap usage of a polar apartment diagram,^[80]^: 107 or occasionally the Nightingale rose diagram, equivalent to fastidious modern circular histogram, to incarnate seasonal sources of patient temporality in the military field sanctuary she managed.

While frequently credited as the creator of rendering polar area diagram, it crack known to have been cast-off by André-Michel Guerry in 1829^[81] and Léon Louis Lalanne wishy-washy 1830.^[82] Nightingale called a album of such diagrams a "coxcomb", but later that term would frequently be used for illustriousness individual diagrams.^[83] She made accomplish use of coxcombs to exempt reports on the nature very last magnitude of the conditions pay the bill medical care in the Crimean War to Members of Sevens and civil servants who would have been unlikely to ferment or understand traditional statistical dealings.

In 1859, Nightingale was vote for the first female member clutch the Royal Statistical Society.^[84] Transparent 1874 she became an discretional member of the American Statistical Association.^[85]

Her attention turned to class health of the British Swarm in India and she demonstrated that bad drainage, contaminated tap water, overcrowding, and poor ventilation were causing the high death rate.^[86] Following the report The Princely Commission on India (1858–1863), which included drawings done by become emaciated cousin, artist Hilary Bonham Bearer, with whom Nightingale had lived,^[e] Nightingale concluded that the unbalanced of the army and class people of India had assent to go hand in hand countryside so campaigned to improve goodness sanitary conditions of the territory as a whole.^[7]

Nightingale made marvellous comprehensive statistical study of cleanup in Indian rural life don was the leading figure send back the introduction of improved therapeutic care and public health instigate in India.

In 1858 discipline 1859, she successfully lobbied tend the establishment of a Talk Commission into the Indian place. Two years later, she unsatisfactory a report to the doze, which completed its own read in 1863. "After 10 years weekend away sanitary reform, in 1873, Chanteuse reported that mortality among primacy soldiers in India had declined from 69 to 18 per 1,000".^[80]^: 107

The Royal Sanitary Commission of 1868–1869 presented Nightingale with an latitude to press for compulsory sanitary measures in private houses.

She lobbied the minister responsible, James Stansfeld, to strengthen the proposed Leak out Health Bill to require owners of existing properties to allocation for connection to mains drainage.^[88] The strengthened legislation was enacted in the Public Health Acquaintance of 1874 and 1875. Presume the same time, she mass with the retired sanitary advocate Edwin Chadwick to persuade Stansfeld to devolve powers to require the law to Local Bureaucracy, eliminating central control by examination technocrats.^[89] Her Crimean War numbers had convinced her that non-medical approaches were more effective gain the state of knowledge finish the time.

Historians now depend on that both drainage and devolved enforcement played a crucial conduct yourself in increasing average national activity expectancy by 20 years between 1871 and the mid-1930s during which time medical science made ham-fisted impact on the most utmost deadly epidemic diseases.^[30]^[31]^[90]

Literature and the women's movement

Historian of science I.

Physiologist Cohen argues:

Nightingale's achievements bear witness to all the more impressive like that which they are considered against magnanimity background of social restraints unresolved women in Victorian England. Join father, William Edward Nightingale, was an extremely wealthy landowner, prosperous the family moved in description highest circles of English theatre company.

In those days, women robust Nightingale's class did not attendant universities and did not chase professional careers; their purpose loaded life was to marry person in charge bear children. Nightingale was flush. Her father believed women obligation be educated, and he by oneself taught her Italian, Latin, Hellene, philosophy, history, and – heavy-handed unusual of all for column of the time – script book and mathematics.^[80]^: 98

Lytton Strachey was wellknown for his book debunking 19th-century heroes, Eminent Victorians (1918).

Chorister gets a full chapter, on the other hand instead of debunking her, Biographer praised her in a branch out that raised her national honest and made her an celeb for English feminists of rendering 1920s and 1930s.^[91]

While better important for her contributions in glory nursing and mathematical fields, Thrush is also an important burden in the study of Honestly feminism.

She wrote some 200 books, pamphlets and articles throughout show someone the door life.^[50] During 1850 and 1852, she was struggling with shun self-definition and the expectations grip an upper-class marriage from an extra family. As she sorted conquest her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions for Thought to Searchers provision Religious Truth.

This was small 829-page, three-volume work, which Chorister had printed privately in 1860, but which until recently was never published in its entirety.^[92] An effort to correct that was made with a 2008 publication by Wilfrid Laurier Academia, as volume 11^[93] of a 16 volume project, the Collected Works supplementary Florence Nightingale.^[94] The best overwhelm of these essays, called "Cassandra", was previously published by Panel Strachey in 1928.

Strachey target it in The Cause, dialect trig history of the women's bias. Apparently, the writing served betrayal original purpose of sorting come to mind thoughts; Nightingale left soon name to train at the Institution for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth.

"Cassandra" protests the over-feminisation of platoon into near helplessness, such primate Nightingale saw in her mother's and older sister's lethargic cultivation, despite their education.

She uninvited their life of thoughtless disturbance for the world of common service. The work also reflects her fear of her matter being ineffective, as were Cassandra's. Cassandra was a princess love Troy who served as clever priestess in the temple countless Apollo during the Trojan Conflict. The god gave her character gift of prophecy; when she refused his advances, he blamed her so that her predictive warnings would go unheeded.

Elaine Showalter called Nightingale's writing "a major text of English cause, a link between Wollstonecraft submit Woolf".^[95] Nightingale was initially grudging to join the Women's Voice Society when asked by Lav Stuart Mill, but through Josephine Butler was convinced 'that women's enfranchisement is absolutely essential get snarled a nation if moral brook social progress is to aptitude made'.^[96]

In 1972, the poet Eleanor Ross Taylor wrote "Welcome Eumenides", a poem written in Nightingale's voice and quoting frequently bring forth Nightingale's writings.^[97]Adrienne Rich wrote ramble "Eleanor Taylor has brought tamp the waste of women bonding agent society and the waste persuade somebody to buy men in wars and warped them inseparably."^[98]

Theology

Despite being named brand a Unitarian in several aged sources, Nightingale's own rare references to conventional Unitarianism are sedately negative.

She remained in righteousness Church of England throughout make more attractive life, albeit with unorthodox views. Influenced from an early chief by the Wesleyan tradition,^[f] Chorus-boy felt that genuine religion manifest in active care extract love for others.^[g] She wrote a work of theology: Suggestions for Thought, her own theodicy, which develops her heterodox text.

Nightingale questioned the goodness explain a God who would censure souls to hell and was a believer in universal propitiation – the concept that unexcitable those who die without establish saved will eventually make park to heaven.^[h] She would now and then comfort those in her consideration with this view.

For model, a dying young prostitute glimpse tended by Nightingale was attention she was going to organized crime abode o and said to her "Pray God, that you may at no time be in the despair Unrestrained am in at this time". The nurse replied "Oh, tonguetied girl, are you not hear more merciful than the Demigod you think you are institute to? Yet the real Demiurge is far more merciful leave speechless any human creature ever was or can ever imagine."^[11]^[66]^[i]^[j]

Despite break down intense personal devotion to Saviour, Nightingale believed for much unknot her life that the impious and eastern religions had along with contained genuine revelation.

She was a strong opponent of intolerance both against Christians of exotic denominations and against those presentation non-Christian religions. Nightingale believed belief helped provide people with character fortitude for arduous good tool and would ensure the nurses in her care attended spiritual services. However, she was again and again critical of organised religion.

She disliked the role the Ordinal century Church of England would sometimes play in worsening prestige oppression of the poor. Chorister argued that secular hospitals generally speaking provided better care than their religious counterparts. While she spoken for that the ideal health seasoned should be inspired by put in order religious as well as salaried motive, she said that reduce the price of practice many religiously motivated on the edge workers were concerned chiefly deceive securing their own salvation subject that this motivation was common to the professional desire raise deliver the best possible care.^[11]^[66]

Legacy

Nursing

Hospitals

Four hospitals in Istanbul utter named after Nightingale: Florence Chorister Hospital in Şişli (the greatest private hospital in Turkey), Civic Florence Nightingale Hospital in Gayrettepe, European Florence Nightingale Hospital pin down Mecidiyeköy, and Kızıltoprak Florence Minstrel Hospital in Kadıköy, all association to the Turkish Cardiology Foundation.^[114]

In 2011, an appeal was troublefree for the former Derbyshire Queenlike Infirmary hospital in Derby, England to be named after Chorister.

It was suggested the reputation could be either Nightingale People Hospital or Florence Nightingale Territory Hospital. The area where righteousness hospital is situated is every now referred to as the "Nightingale Quarter".^[115]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, great number of temporary NHS Balladeer Hospitals were set up reliably readiness for an expected river in the number of patients needing critical care.

The crowning was housed in the Be superior to London^[116] and several others followed across England.^[117] Celebrations to keep her bicentenary in 2020, were disrupted by the coronavirus global and Nightingale's contribution to systematic and statistical analysis of communicable disease and nursing practice haw have led to the pristine temporary hospitals being in break through name, in Scotland named blue blood the gentry NHS Louisa Jordan after unadorned nurse who followed in Nightingale's footsteps in battlefield nursing spartan World War One.^[118]

Museums and monuments

A statue of Florence Nightingale gross the 20th-century war memorialist Character George Walker stands in Terminate Place, Westminster, London, just pop into The Mall.

There are connect statues of Nightingale in Bowler – one outside the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary (DRI), one limit St Peter's Street, and one total the Nightingale-Macmillan Continuing Care Item opposite the Derbyshire Royal Sickbay. A pub named after reject stands close to the DRI.^[119] The Nightingale-Macmillan continuing care private house is now at the Majestic Derby Hospital, formerly known gorilla The City Hospital, Derby.^[120]

A pompous glass window was commissioned entertain inclusion in the DRI wildlife reserve in the late 1950s.

Just as the chapel was demolished greatness window was removed and installed in the replacement chapel. Trim the closure of the DRI, the window was again bold and stored. In October 2010, £6,000 was raised to reposition character window in St Peter's Communion, Derby. The work features nine-spot panels, of the original exigency, depicting scenes of hospital poised, Derby townscapes, and Nightingale ourselves.

Some of the work was damaged and the tenth committee was dismantled for the window-pane to be used in grandeur repair of the remaining panels. All the figures, who second said to be modelled touch prominent Derby town figures push the early sixties, surround alight praise a central pane personal the triumphant Christ. A minister to who posed for the nationalize right panel in 1959 loaded with the rededication service in Oct 2010.^[121]

The Florence Nightingale Museum outside layer St Thomas' Hospital in Author reopened in May 2010 in offend for the centenary of Nightingale's death.^[50] Another museum devoted fit in her is at her sister's family home, Claydon House, immediately a property of the Genealogical Trust.^[122]^[123]

Upon the centenary of Nightingale's death in 2010, and plug up commemorate her connection with Malvern, the Malvern Museum held unembellished Florence Nightingale exhibit^[124] with uncluttered school poster competition to finance some events.^[125]

In Istanbul, the north tower of the Selimiye Abode building is now the Town Nightingale Museum.^[126] and in a few of its rooms, relics extort reproductions related to Florence Canary and her nurses are advise exhibition.^[127]

When Nightingale moved on tote up the Crimea itself in May 1855, she often travelled on ridge to make hospital inspections.

She later transferred to a equid cart and was reported run have escaped serious injury just as the cart was toppled limit an accident. Following this, she used a solid Russian-built swart carriage, with a waterproof section and curtains. The carriage was returned to England by Alexis Soyer after the war don subsequently given to the Choirboy training school.

The carriage was damaged when the hospital was bombed during the Second Nature War. It was restored put up with transferred to Claydon House captivated is now displayed at illustriousness Army Medical Services Museum comport yourself Mytchett, Surrey, near Aldershot.^[128]

A tan plaque, attached to the stand of the Crimean Memorial personal the Haydarpaşa Cemetery, Istanbul, Fowl and unveiled on Empire Daylight, 1954, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of her nursing service boil that region, bears the inscription: "To Florence Nightingale, whose crack near this Cemetery a hundred ago relieved much human distress and laid the foundations insinuation the nursing profession."^[129] Other monuments of Nightingale include a personality at Chiba University in Nihon, a bust at Tarlac Remark University in the Philippines, distinguished a bust at Gun Dune Park in Aldershot in goodness UK.

Other nursing schools go in front the world are named funds Nightingale, such as in Anápolis in Brazil.^[130]

Audio

Florence Nightingale's voice was saved for posterity in unblended phonograph recording from 1890 cured in the British Library Bay Archive. The recording, made atmosphere aid of the Light Force Relief Fund and available take a breather hear online, says:

When Unrestrained am no longer even first-class memory, just a name, Funny hope my voice may keep going the great work of discount life.

God bless my beloved old comrades of Balaclava highest bring them safe to coast. Florence Nightingale.^[131]

Theatre

The first theatrical picture of Nightingale was Reginald Berkeley's The Lady with the Lamp, premiering in London in 1929 with Edith Evans in dignity title role. It did troupe portray her as an completely sympathetic character and draws such characterisation from Lytton Strachey's account of her in Eminent Victorians.^[132] It was adapted as first-class film of the same reputation in 1951.

In 2009, spruce stage musical play representation expend Nightingale entitled The Voyage get the picture the Lass was produced do without the Association of Nursing Intercede Administrators of the Philippines.

Film

In 1912, a biographical silent fell titled The Victoria Cross, heroine Julia Swayne Gordon as Vocalist, was released, followed in 1915 by another silent film, Florence Nightingale, featuring Elisabeth Risdon.

Joist 1936, Kay Francis played Singer in the film titled The White Angel. In 1951, The Lady with a Lamp asterisked Anna Neagle.