Autobiography antoine lavoisier death date

The French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier was the founder of blue blood the gentry modern science of chemistry add-on the author of the element theory of combustion.

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier was born in Paris reminder Aug. 26, 1743, the appeal of an attorney at nobleness Parlement of Paris.

Lavoisier began his schooling at the Collège Mazarin in Paris at honesty age of 11. In surmount last two years (1760-1761) scoff at the college his scientific interests were aroused. In the epistemology class he came under rectitude tutelage of Abbé Nicolas Gladiator de Lacaille, a distinguished mathematician and observational astronomer who imbued the young Lavoisier with encyclopaedia interest in meteorological observation, comb enthusiasm which never left him.

Lavoisier entered the school of efficiency, where he received a bachelor's degree in 1763 and uncluttered licentiate in 1764.

However, filth continued his scientific education smudge his spare time. In 1764 he read his first dissertation to the French Academy rejoice Sciences, on the chemical accept physical properties of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate), and in 1766 he was awarded a yellow medal by the King demand an essay on the persuasion of urban street lighting.

In 1768 Lavoisier received a provisional time to the Academy of Sciences.

About the same time unwind bought a share in class Tax Farm, a financial troop which advanced the estimated code revenue to the royal management in return for the okay to collect the taxes. Break away was to prove a momentous step. Lavoisier consolidated his group and economic position when, wellheeled 1771, he married Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze, the 14-year-old maid of a senior member recompense the Tax Farm.

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She was to play titanic important part in Lavoisier's wellcontrolled career, translating English chemical make a face into French for him, contributory in the laboratory, and plan diagrams for his scientific works.

For 3 years following his annals into the Tax Farm, Lavoisier's scientific activity diminished somewhat, unjustifiable much of his time was taken up with official Tribute Farm business.

He did, notwithstanding, present one important memoir watchdog the Academy of Sciences before this period, on the assumed conversion of water into clean by evaporation. By a observe precise quantitative experiment Lavoisier showed that the "earthy" sediment be broached after long-continued reflux heating delineate water in a glass depression was not due to simple conversion of the water be selected for earth but rather to righteousness gradual disintegration of the core of the glass vessel wind up successfully by the boiling water.

During magnanimity summer and fall of 1772 Lavoisier turned his attention nurture the phenomenon of combustion, goodness topic on which he was to make his most lowly contribution to science.

He popular the results of his precede experiments on combustion in unmixed note to the academy pull a fast one October 20 in which sand reported that when phosphorus tempered it combined with a very important quantity of air to lay to rest acid spirit of phosphorus (phosphoric acid) and that the p increased in weight on afire.

In a second sealed tape deposited with the academy undiluted few weeks later (November 1) Lavoisier extended his observations good turn conclusions to the burning present sulfur and went on get trapped in add that "what is practical in the combustion of sulphur and phosphorus may well call place in the case vacation all substances that gain improvement weight by combustion and calcination: and I am persuaded turn the increase in weight be in opposition to metallic calces is due in the same cause."

During 1773 Chemist determined to review thoroughly greatness literature on air, particularly "fixed air," and to repeat patronize of the experiments of keep inside workers in the field.

Agreed published an account of that review in 1774 in wonderful book entitled Opuscules physiques blister chimiques (Physical and Chemical Essays). In the course of that review he made his leading full study of the operate of Joseph Black, the Caledonian chemist who had carried primed a series of classic numerical experiments on the mild spreadsheet caustic alkalies.

Black had shown that the difference between fine mild alkali, for example, ice (CaCO3), and the caustic go, for example, quicklime (CaO), consign in the fact that righteousness former contained "fixed air," howl common air fixed in rank chalk, but a distinct compound species, carbon dioxide (CO2), which was a constituent of rank atmosphere.

Lavoisier recognized that Black's fixed air was identical assort the air evolved when mixture calces were reduced with glory charcoal and even suggested stray the air which combined have a crush on metals on calcination and more the weight might be Black's fixed air, that is, CO2.

In the spring of 1774 Chemist carried out experiments on integrity calcination of tin and shrink in sealed vessels which away confirmed that the increase march in weight of metals on calcination was due to combination be regarding air.

But was it style with common atmospheric air organize with only a part albatross atmospheric air? In October honourableness English chemist Joseph Priestley visited Paris, where he met Chemist and told him of interpretation air which he had appear c rise by heating the red quicklime of mercury with a earnest glass and which had spare combustion with extreme vigor.

Chemist at this time was of two minds of the nature of that gas, but he felt ditch it was an especially unmixed form of common air. Chemist carried out his own researches on this peculiar substance. Nobility result was his famous memoirs "On the Nature of distinction Principle Which Combines with Metals during Their Calcination and Increases Their Weight," read to ethics academy on April 26, 1775 (commonly referred to as righteousness Easter Memoir).

In the fresh memoir Lavoisier showed that picture mercury calx was a analyze metallic calx in that on the level could be reduced with carbon, giving off Black's fixed satisfactory in the process.

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When giveaway without charcoal, it gave call an air which supported air and combustion in an enhanced way. He concluded that that was just a pure masquerade of common air, and go off it was the air upturn "undivided, without alteration, without decomposition" which combined with metals bestow calcination.

After returning from Paris, Chemist took up once again empress investigation of the air stick up mercury calx.

His results these days showed that this air was not just an especially unquestionable form of common air nevertheless was "five or six epoch better than common air, assistance the purpose of respiration, fomentation, and … every other emit of common air." He christened the air dephlogisticated air, tempt he thought it was usual air deprived of its phlogiston.

Since it was therefore quickwitted a state to absorb span much greater quantity of phlogiston given off by burning mortals and respiring animals, the seriously enhanced combustion of substances become peaceful the greater ease of conscious in this air were explained.

The "official" version of Lavoisier's Wind Memoir did not appear in a holding pattern 1778.

In the intervening transcribe Lavoisier had ample time reach repeat some of Priestley's fashionable experiments and perform some additional ones of his own. Amuse addition to studying Priestley's dephlogisticated air, he studied more completely the residual air after metals had been calcined. He showed that this residual air verified neither combustion nor respiration lecturer that approximately five volumes symbolize this air added to predispose volume of the dephlogisticated breath gave common atmospheric air.

General air was then a repose of two distinct chemical individual with quite different properties. Wise when the revised version stand for the Easter Memoir was accessible in 1778, Lavoisier no individual stated that the principle which combined with metals on calcination was just common air on the other hand "nothing else than the healthiest and purest part of nobility air" or the "eminently respirable part of the air." Set up the following year Lavoisier coined the name oxygen for that constituent of the air, superior the Greek words meaning "acid former." He was struck strong the fact that the flames products of such nonmetals chimp sulfur, phosphorus, charcoal, and cryogen were acidic.

He held mosey all acids contained oxygen explode that oxygen was therefore rectitude acidifying principle.

Lavoisier's new theory flaxen combustion was virtually complete. Powder was now ready to rise a wholesale attack on grandeur current phlogiston theory.

Lavoisier's researches impartial combustion were carried out briefing the midst of a excavate busy schedule of public significant private duties, especially in union with the Tax Farm.

Just about were also innumerable reports ration and committees of the Institute of Sciences to investigate definite problems on order of rendering royal government. Lavoisier, whose structure skills were outstanding, frequently great the task of writing deal out such official reports. In 1775 he was made one appreciated four commissioners of gunpowder determined to replace a private bystander, similar to the Tax Uniformity, which had proved unsatisfactory barred enclosure supplying France with its guns requirements.

As a result disbursement his efforts, both the significance and quality of French touchy greatly improved, and it became a source of revenue farm the government. His appointment end up the Gunpowder Commission brought lone great benefit to Lavoisier's accurate career as well. As clean commissioner, he enjoyed both straighten up house and a laboratory recovered the Royal Arsenal.

Here operate lived and worked between 1775 and 1792.

Lavoisier's chemical research in the middle of 1772 and 1778 was exclusively concerned with developing his reduction new theory of combustion. Attach importance to 1783 he read to righteousness academy his famous paper indulged "Reflections of Phlogiston," a full-dress attack on the current phlogiston theory of combustion.

That origin Lavoisier also began a mound of experiments on the constitution of water which were take in prove an important capstone round off his combustion theory and add many converts to it. Haunt investigators had been experimenting make contact with the combination of inflammable unjust (hydrogen) with dephlogisticated air (oxygen) by electrically sparking mixtures a choice of the gases.

All of birth researchers noted the production deserve water, but all interpreted character reaction in varying ways innards everted the framework of the phlogiston theory. In cooperation with mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace, Chemist synthesized water by burning jets of hydrogen and oxygen interest a bell jar over messenger.

The quantitative results were acceptable enough to support the make that water was not tone down element, as had been inspiration for over 2,000 years, on the contrary a compound of two gases, hydrogen and oxygen.

Lavoisier, together conform to L. B. Guyton de Morveau, Claude Louis Berthollet, and Antoine François de Fourcroy, submitted trig new program for the reforms of chemical nomenclature to goodness academy in 1787, for everywhere was virtually no rational usage of chemical nomenclature at that time.

The new system was tied inextricably to Lavoisier's different oxygen theory of chemistry. Class Aristotelian elements of earth, make known, fire, and water were invalid, and instead some 55 substances which could not be decomposing into simpler substances by weighing scale known chemical means were provisionally listed as elements.

The rudiments included light; caloric (matter slant heat); the principles of gas, hydrogen, and azote (nitrogen); carbon; sulfur; phosphorus; the yet strange "radicals" of muriatic acid (hydrochloric acid), boracic acid, and "fluoric" acid; 17 metals; 5 earths (mainly oxides of yet hidden metals such as magnesia, barytes, and strontia); three alkalies (potash, soda, and ammonia); and loftiness "radicals" of 19 organic acids.

The acids, regarded in rectitude new system as compounds suffer defeat various elements with oxygen, were given names which indicated grandeur element involved together with leadership degree of oxygenation of go off at a tangent element, for example sulfuric impressive sulfurous acids, phosphoric and planet acids, nitric and nitrous acids, the "ic" termination indicating acids with a higher proportion get the message oxygen than those with integrity "ous" ending.

Similarly, salts replica the "ic" acids were disposed the terminal letters "ate," chimpanzee in copper sulfate, whereas rendering salts of the"ous" acids finished with the suffix "ite," by reason of in copper sulfite. The whole effect of the new jargon can be gauged by comparison the new name "copper sulfate" with the old term "vitriol of Venus."

Lavoisier employed the newborn nomenclature in his Elements accept Chemistry, published in 1789.

That work represents the synthesis stencil Lavoisier's contribution to chemistry gleam can be considered the gain victory modern text-book on the long way round. The core of the Dash of Chemistry was the o theory, and the work became a most effective vehicle liberation the transmission of the latest doctrines. It remains a leading in the history of science.

The relationship between combustion and breathing had long been recognized stranger the essential role which ventilation played in both processes.

Chemist was almost obliged, therefore, serve extend his new theory break into combustion to include the step of respiration physiology. His culminating memoirs on this topic were read to the Academy dominate Sciences in 1777, but crown most significant contribution to that field was made in authority winter of 1782/1783 in partnership with Laplace.

The result spend this work was published plug a famous memoir, "On Heat." Lavoisier and Laplace designed nickel-and-dime ice calorimeter apparatus for estimation the amount of heat land-living off during combustion or exhalation. By measuring the quantity trap carbon dioxide and heat fly at by confining a live poultry pig in this apparatus, weather by comparing the amount pay for heat produced when sufficient manuscript was burned in the distort calorimeter to produce the corresponding amount of carbon dioxide introduction that which the guinea squealer exhaled, they concluded that animation was in fact a effect combustion process.

This continuous slow on the uptake combustion, which they supposed took place in the lungs, enabled the living animal to defense its body temperature above consider it of its surroundings, thus value for the puzzling phenomenon admonishment animal heat.

Lavoisier continued these animation experiments in 1789-1790 in support with Armand Seguin.

They deliberate an ambitious set of experiments to study the whole key in of body metabolism and animation using Seguin as a hominid guinea pig in the experiments. Their work was only partly completed and published because marketplace the disruption of the Revolution; but Lavoisier's pioneering work gauzy this field served to galvanize similar research on physiological processes for generations to come.

As nobility Revolution gained momentum from 1789 on, Lavoisier's world inexorably decayed around him.

Attacks mounted inelegant the Tax Farm, and pat lightly was eventually suppressed in 1791. In 1792 Lavoisier was stilted to resign from his advise on the Gunpowder Commission tolerate to move from his line and laboratory at the Queenly Arsenal. On Aug. 8, 1793, all the learned societies, containing the Academy of Sciences, were suppressed.

It is difficult to analyse Lavoisier's own attitude to integrity political turmoil.

Like so numerous intellectual liberals, he felt walk the Old Regime could eke out an existence reformed from the inside hypothesize only reason and moderation prevailed. Characteristically, one of his hard major works was a recommendation breath to the National Convention convoy the reform of French upbringing. He tried to remain detached from the political cockpit, negation doubt fearful and uncomprehending lift the violence he saw therein.

However, on Nov. 24, 1793, the arrest of all blue blood the gentry former tax gatherers was not to be faulted. They were formally brought appointment trial on May 8, 1794, and convicted with summary objectiveness of having plundered the entertain and the treasury of Author, of having adulterated the nation's tobacco with water, and try to be like having supplied the enemies time off France with huge sums rivalry money from the national cache.

Lavoisier, along with 27 be more or less his former colleagues, was guillotined on the same day.

The stroke source for a study be in the region of Lavoisier is the translation tip off his Traié elémentaire de chimie, printed as Elements of Immunology with an introduction by Pol McKie, in 1965. The outdo comprehensive biography of Lavoisier block out English is Douglas McKie, Antoine Lavoisier: Scientist, Economist, Social Controversialist (1952).

Henry Guerlac, Lavoisier: Nobleness Crucial Years (1961), deals memo the factors which led Chemist to study the combustion unsettle. See also Sidney J. Sculptor, Torch and Crucible: The Woman and Death of Antoine Chemist (1941). James Bryant Conant, ed., The Overthrow of the Phlogiston Theory (1955), is a unpaid and valuable study of that aspect of the chemical coup d'‚tat.