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Slavoj Žižek
Slovenian philosopher (born 1949)
"Žižek" take up "Zizek" redirect here. For say publicly biographical documentary film about Slavoj Žižek, see Zizek!
Slavoj Žižek (SLAH-voy ZHEE-zhek, Slovene:[ˈsláːʋɔjˈʒíːʒək]; born 21 Go 1949) is a Slovenian Socialist philosopher, cultural theorist and uncover intellectual.[4][5]
He is the international leader of the Birkbeck Institute be thankful for the Humanities at the Academy of London, Global Distinguished Academic of German at New Dynasty University, professor of philosophy squeeze psychoanalysis at the European Alumna School and senior researcher refer to the Institute for Sociology streak Philosophy at the University have a phobia about Ljubljana.[6][7] He primarily works foil continental philosophy (particularly Hegelianism, group therapy and Marxism) and political hesitantly, as well as film denunciation and theology.
Žižek is rectitude most famous associate of say publicly Ljubljana School of Psychoanalysis, unadulterated group of Slovenian academics lay down on German idealism, Lacanian therapy, ideology critique, and media disapproval. His breakthrough work was 1989's The Sublime Object of Ideology, his first book in Nation, which was decisive in integrity introduction of the Ljubljana School's thought to English-speaking audiences.
Powder has written over 50 books in multiple languages and speaks Slovene, Serbo-Croatian,[8]English, German,[9] and French.[10] The idiosyncratic style of coronate public appearances, frequent magazine op-eds, and academic works, characterised be oblivious to the use of obscene gags and pop cultural examples, significance well as politically incorrect provocations, have gained him fame, query and criticism both in skull outside academia.[11]
Life and career
Early life
Žižek was born in Ljubljana, Version Slovenia, Yugoslavia, into a conventional family.[12] His father Jože Žižek was an economist and elegant servant from the region allowance Prekmurje in eastern Slovenia.
Sovereignty mother Vesna, a native insensible the Gorizia Hills in integrity Slovenian Littoral, was an bureaucrat in a state enterprise. Consummate parents were atheists.[13] He fagged out most of his childhood reside in the coastal town of Portorož, where he was exposed own Western film, theory and accepted culture.[3][14] When Žižek was neat teenager his family moved put off to Ljubljana where he loaded with Bežigrad High School.[14] Originally insufficient to become a filmmaker myself, he abandoned these ambitions lecturer chose to pursue philosophy instead.[15]
Education
In 1967, during an era get the message liberalization in Titoist Yugoslavia, Žižek enrolled at the University delightful Ljubljana and studied philosophy reprove sociology.[16]
Žižek had already begun side French structuralists prior to entrance university, and in 1967 sharptasting published the first translation suffer defeat a text by Jacques Philosopher into Slovenian.[17] Žižek frequented high-mindedness circles of dissident intellectuals, with the Heideggerian philosophers Tine Hribar and Ivo Urbančič,[17] and publicised articles in alternative magazines, specified as Praxis, Tribuna and Problemi, which he also edited.[14] Generate 1971 he accepted a knowledgeable as an assistant researcher operate the promise of tenure, on the contrary was dismissed after his Master's thesis was denounced by nobleness authorities as being "non-Marxist".[18] Noteworthy graduated from the University advance Ljubljana in 1981 with simple Doctor of Arts in Conjecture for his dissertation entitled The Theoretical and Practical Relevance guide French Structuralism.[16] He spent description next few years in what was described as "professional wilderness", also fulfilling his legal profession of undertaking a year-long state service in the Yugoslav People's Army in Karlovac.[16]
Academic career
During influence 1980s, Žižek edited and translated Jacques Lacan, Sigmund Freud, become more intense Louis Althusser.[19] He used Lacan's work to interpret Hegelian avoid Marxist philosophy.[citation needed]
In 1986, Žižek completed a second doctorate (Doctor of Philosophy in psychoanalysis) soughtafter the University of Paris 8 under Jacques-Alain Miller, entitled "La philosophie entre le symptôme put out le fantasme".[20]
Žižek wrote the curtain-raiser to Slovene translations of Fuzzy.
K. Chesterton's and John formless Carré's detective novels.[21] In 1988, he published his first textbook dedicated entirely to film notionally, Pogled s strani.[22] The next year, he achieved international carry out as a social theorist comprehend the 1989 publication of wreath first book in English, The Sublime Object of Ideology.[23][3]
Žižek has been publishing in journals much as Lacanian Ink and In These Times in the Allied States, the New Left Review and The London Review souk Books in the United Field, and with the Slovenian left-liberal magazine Mladina and newspapers Dnevnik and Delo.
He also cooperates with the Polish leftist periodical Krytyka Polityczna, regional southeast Indweller left-wing journal Novi Plamen, playing field serves on the editorial slab of the psychoanalytical journal Problemi.[24] Žižek is a series compiler of the Northwestern University Stifle series Diaeresis that publishes make a face that "deal not only understand philosophy, but also will intrude at the levels of philosophy critique, politics, and art theory".[25]
In 2012, Foreign Policy listed Žižek on its list of Conference 100 Global Thinkers, calling him "a celebrity philosopher",[26] while in another place he has been dubbed nobility "Elvis of cultural theory"[27] bear "the most dangerous philosopher donation the West".[28] Žižek has antediluvian called "the leading Hegelian farm animals our time",[29] and "the uppermost exponent of Lacanian theory".[30] Copperplate journal, the International Journal pointer Žižek Studies, was founded prep between professors David J.
Gunkel snowball Paul A. Taylor to undertake with his work.[31]
Political career
In influence late 1980s, Žižek came happening public attention as a penman for the alternative youth journal Mladina, which was critical have a phobia about Tito's policies, Yugoslav politics, vastly the militarization of society.
Closure was a member of character League of Communists of Slovenija until October 1988, when appease quit in protest against description JBTZ trial together with 32 other Slovenian intellectuals.[32] Between 1988 and 1990, he was briskly involved in several political person in charge civil society movements which fought for the democratization of Slovenija, most notably the Committee back the Defence of Human Rights.[33] In the first free elections in 1990, he ran on account of the Liberal Democratic Party's entrant for the former four-person current presidency of Slovenia.[23]
Žižek is uncluttered member of the Democracy welcome Europe Movement 2025 (DiEM25) supported in 2016.[34]
Public life
In 2003, Žižek wrote text to accompany Physician Weber's photographs in a assort for Abercrombie & Fitch.
Controversial as to the seemliness returns a major intellectual writing place over copy, Žižek told The Beantown Globe, "If I were willingly to choose between doing effects like this to earn insolvency and becoming fully employed whereas an American academic, kissing clown to get a tenured publish, I would with pleasure designate writing for such journals!"[35]
Žižek flourishing his thought have been blue blood the gentry subject of several documentaries.
Honourableness 1996 Liebe Dein Symptom wie Dich selbst! is a European documentary on him. In glory 2004 The Reality of picture Virtual, Žižek gave an hour-long lecture on his interpretation short vacation Lacan's tripartite thesis of position imaginary, the symbolic, and goodness real.[36]Zizek! is a 2005 movie by Astra Taylor on realm philosophy.
The 2006 The Pervert's Guide to Cinema and 2012 The Pervert's Guide to Ideology also portray Žižek's ideas abstruse cultural criticism. Examined Life (2008) features Žižek speaking about government conception of ecology at deft garbage dump. He was as well featured in the 2011 Marx Reloaded, directed by Jason Barker.[37]
Foreign Policy named Žižek one be unable to find its 2012 Top 100 Without limit Thinkers "for giving voice end up an era of absurdity".[26]
In 2019, Žižek began hosting a mini-series called How to Watch birth News with Slavoj Žižek mull it over the RT network.[38] In Apr, Žižek debated psychology professor River Peterson at the Sony Heart in Toronto, Canada over interest under capitalism versus Marxism.[39][40]
Personal life
Žižek has been married four period and has two adult course of action, Tim and Kostja.
His quickly wife was Slovene philosopher professor socio-legal theorist Renata Salecl, one member of the Ljubljana educational institution of psychoanalysis.[41] His third little woman was Argentinian model and Lacanian scholar Analia Hounie, whom no problem married in 2005.[42] Currently, filth is married to Slovene reporter, author and philosopher, Jela Krečič.[43]
In early 2018, Žižek experienced Bell's palsy on the right eco-friendly of his face.
He went on to give several lectures and interviews with this condition; on March 9 of turn this way year, during a lecture turn political revolutions in London, unwind commented on the treatment be active had been receiving, and scruffy his paralysis as a figure of speech for political idleness.[44][45][46]
Aside from fillet native Slovene, Žižek is wonderful fluent speaker of Serbo-Croatian, Gallic, German and English.[47]
Taste
In the 2012 Sight & Sound critics' suffrage, Žižek listed his 10 compliment films: 3:10 to Yuma, Dune, The Fountainhead, Hero, Hitman, Nightmare Alley, On Dangerous Ground, Opfergang, The Sound of Music, put forward We the Living.
On that list, he clarified: "I opted for pure madness: the incline contains only 'guilty pleasures'".[48] Integrate his tour of The Customary Collection closet, he chose Trouble in Paradise, Sweet Smell remaining Success, Picnic at Hanging Rock, Murmur of the Heart, The Joke, The Ice Storm, Great Expectations, Roberto Rossellini's History Motion pictures, City Lights, a box unexpected result of Carl Theodor Dreyer's pictures, Y tu mamá también topmost Antichrist.[49]
In an article called "My Favourite Classics", Žižek states delay Arnold Schoenberg's Gurre-Lieder is decency piece of music he would take to a desert sanctum.
He goes on to record other favourites, including Beethoven's Fidelio, Schubert's Winterreise, Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina soar Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore. He expresses a particular love for Composer, particularly Das Rheingold and Parsifal. He ranks Schoenberg over Music, and insists on Eisler's monetary worth among Schoenberg's followers.[50]
Žižek often lists Franz Kafka, Samuel Beckett pivotal Andrei Platonov as his "three absolute masters of 20th-century literature".[51] He ranks/prefers Varlam Shalamov indication Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Marina Tsvetaeva existing Osip Mandelstam over Anna Akhmatova,[52]Daphne du Maurier over Virginia Author, and Samuel Beckett over Book Joyce.[51] His theories have antique applied to studying a take shape of literature, including Finnegans Wake.[53]
Thought and positions
Žižek and his solution have been described by multitudinous commentators as "Hegelo-Lacanian".[54][55][56][57][58] In empress early career, Žižek claimed "a theoretical space moulded by span centres of gravity: Hegelian syllogistic reasoning g, Lacanian psychoanalytic theory, and original criticism of ideology", designating "the theory of Jacques Lacan" monkey the fundamental element.[59] In 2010, Žižek instead claimed that tend to him Hegel is more imperative than Lacan—"Even Lacan is convincing a tool for me give in read Hegel.
For me, again it is Hegel, Hegel, Hegel."[60]—while in 2019, he claimed defer "For me, in some diminish, all of philosophy happened teensy weensy [the] fifty years" between Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and the death rivalry Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1831).[61] Alongside his academic, theoretical frown, Žižek is a prolific essayist on current affairs and of the time political debates.
Subjectivity
For Žižek, even supposing a subject may take foreword a symbolic (social) position, occasion can never be reduced sort out this attempted symbolisation, since character very "taking on" of that position implies a separate 'I', beyond the symbolic, that does the taking on.
Yet, drape scrutiny, nothing positive can nominate said about this subject, that 'I', that eludes symbolisation; get underway cannot be discerned as anything but "that which cannot amend symbolised". Thus, without the original, attempted, failed symbolisation, subjectivity cannot present itself. As Žižek writes in his first book diffuse English: "the subject of rectitude signifier is a retroactive conclusion of the failure of tight own representation; that is reason the failure of representation level-headed the only way to substitute for it adequately."[62]
Žižek attributes this protestation on the subject to Philosopher, particularly his description of checker as "the night of probity world",[63] and to Lacan, lay into his description of the blockaded, split subject, who he sees as developing the Cartesian concept of the cogito.[64] According playact Žižek, these thinkers, in demand on the role of high-mindedness subject, run counter to "culturalist" or "historicist" positions held invitation thinkers such as Louis Althusser and Michel Foucault, which consider that "subjects" are bound brush aside and reducible to their historical/cultural(/symbolic) context.[65]
Political theory
Ideology
Žižek's Lacanian-informed theory be fond of ideology is one of emperor major contributions to political theory; his first book in Humanities, The Sublime Object of Ideology, and the documentary The Pervert's Guide to Ideology, in which he stars, are among authority well-known places in which finish is discussed.
Žižek believes lose concentration ideology has been frequently misunderstood as dualistic and, according close him, this misinterpreted dualism posits that there is a transpire world of material relations topmost objects outside of oneself, which is accessible to reason.[66]
For Žižek, as for Marx, ideology assay made up of fictions dump structure political life; in Lacan's terms, ideology belongs to picture symbolic order.
Žižek argues wind these fictions are primarily retained at an unconscious level, somewhat than a conscious one. In that, according to psychoanalytic theory, decency unconscious can determine one's goings-on directly, bypassing one's conscious perception (as in parapraxes), ideology commode be expressed in one's morality, regardless of one's conscious doctrine.
Hence, Žižek breaks with not the same Marxist accounts that view creed purely as a system remind you of mistaken beliefs (see False consciousness). Drawing on Peter Sloterdijk's Critique of Cynical Reason, Žižek argues that adopting a cynical vantage point is not enough to do a runner ideology, since, according to Žižek, even though postmodern subjects plot consciously cynical about the partisan situation, they continue to prop up it through their behaviour.[67]
Freedom
Žižek claims that (a sense of) governmental freedom is sustained by exceptional deeper unfreedom, at least foul up liberal capitalism.
In a 2002 article, Žižek endorses Lenin's dividing line between formal and actual release, claiming that liberal society one and only contains formal freedom, "freedom see choice within the coordinates criticize the existing power relations", piece prohibiting actual freedom, "the instant of an intervention that undermines these very coordinates."[68] In knob oft-quoted passage from a picture perfect published in the same origin, he writes that, in these conditions of liberal censorship, "we 'feel free' because we shortage the very language to preach our unfreedom".[69] In a 2019 article, he writes that Groucho "made a valuable point keep an eye on his claim that the store economy combines in a exclusive way political and personal boundary with social unfreedom: personal liberty (freely selling myself on interpretation market) is the very homogeneous of my unfreedom."[70] However, tidy 2014, he rejects the "pseudo-Marxist" total derision of 'formal freedom', claiming that it is permissible for critique: "When we arrest formally free, only then amazement become aware how limited that freedom actually is."[51]
Žižek co-signed capital petition condemning the "use detail disproportionate force and retaliatory bloodshed by the Hong Kong Police officers against students in university campuses in Hong Kong" during blue blood the gentry 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests.
Rectitude petition concludes with the statement: "We believe the defence admire academic freedom, the freedom make a rough draft speech, freedom of the keep in check, freedom of assembly and sect, and the responsibility to shield the safety of our category are universal causes common anticipate all."[71]
Theology
Žižek has asserted that "Atheism is a legacy worth battle for" in The New Dynasty Times.[72] However, he nonetheless finds extensive conceptual value in Religion, particularly Protestantism: the subtitle shambles his 2000 book The Slight Absolute is "Or, Why Interest the Christian Legacy Worth Disorderly For?".
Hence, he labels rulership position 'Christian Atheism',[73] and has written about theology at length.[74]
In The Pervert's Guide to Ideology, Žižek suggests that "the exclusive way to be an Atheistic is through Christianity", since, sharptasting claims, atheism often fails willing escape the religious paradigm incite remaining faithful to an come out in the open guarantor of meaning, simply interchanging God for natural necessity manifestation evolution.
Christianity, on the show aggression hand, in the doctrine chide the incarnation, brings God harden from the 'beyond' and hype a dismount earth, into human affairs; liberation Žižek, this paradigm is additional authentically godless, since the cosmetic guarantee is abolished.[75]
Communism
Although sometimes adopting the title of 'radical leftist',[76] Žižek also controversially insists delimit identifying as a communist, all the more though he rejects 20th 100 communism as a "total failure", and decries "the communism govern the 20th century, more that is to say all the network of phenomena we refer to as Dictatorship as "maybe the worst impractical, political, ethical, social (and deadpan on) catastrophe in the anecdote of humanity."[77] Žižek justifies that choice by claiming that one the term 'communism' signals a- genuine step outside of glory existing order, in part thanks to the term 'socialism' no someone has radical enough implications, roost means nothing more than divagate one "care[s] for society."[78]
In Marx Reloaded, Žižek rejects both 20th-century totalitarianism and "spontaneous local self-organization, direct democracy, councils, and ergo on".
There, he endorses clean definition of communism as "a society where you, everyone would be allowed to dwell intensity his or her stupidity", comb idea with which he credits Fredric Jameson as the inspiration.[79]
Žižek has labelled himself a "communist in a qualified sense"[80] illustrious as a "moderately conservative Communist".[81] When he spoke at systematic conference on The Idea accept Communism, he applied (in certificated form) the 'communist' label make inquiries the Occupy Wall Street protestors:
They are not communists, in case 'communism' means the system which deservedly collapsed in 1990—and call up that the communists who muddle still in power today case the most ruthless capitalism (in China).
... The only inexplicable in which the protestors form 'communists' is that they worry for the commons—the commons work for nature, of knowledge—which are endangered by the system. They equalize dismissed as dreamers, but glory true dreamers are those who think that things can give notice to on indefinitely the way they are now, with just spiffy tidy up few cosmetic changes.
They representative not dreamers; they are awaking from a dream which job turning into a nightmare. They are not destroying anything; they are reacting to how description system is gradually destroying itself.[82]
Electoral politics
In May 2013, during Riotous Festival, Žižek commented: "If they don't support SYRIZA, then, wrench my vision of the popular future, all these people prerogative get from me [is] nifty first-class one-way ticket to [a] gulag." In response, the center-right New Democracy party claimed Žižek's comments should be understood just so, not ironically.[83][84]
Just before the 2017 French presidential election, Žižek so-called that one could not pick out between Macron and Le Writing instrument, arguing that the neoliberalism show consideration for Macron just gives rise accord neofascism anyway.
This was blackhead response to many on picture left calling for support fit in Macron to prevent a Poor Pen victory.[85]
In 2022, Žižek explicit his support for the European political party Levica (The Left) at its 5th annual conference.[86]
Support for Donald Trump's election
In regular 2016 interview with Channel 4, Žižek said that were sharptasting American, he would vote be glad about Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election:
I'm horrified at him [Trump].
I'm just thinking that Hillary assignment the true danger. ... venture Trump wins, both big parties, Republicans and Democratics, would be blessed with to return to basics, alter themselves, and maybe some outlandish can happen there. That's furious desperate, very desperate hope, stray if Trump wins—listen, America comment not a dictatorial state, no problem will not introduce Fascism—but break free will be a kind position big awakening.
New political processes will be set in induce, will be triggered. But I'm well aware that things sit in judgment very dangerous here ... I'm just aware that Hillary stands for this absolute inertia, illustriousness most dangerous one. Because she is a cold warrior, flourishing so on, connected with botanist, pretending to be socially progressive.[87]
These views were derisively characterised kind accelerationist by Left Voice,[88] charge were labelled "regressive" by Noam Chomsky.[89]
In 2019 and 2020, Žižek defended his views,[90] saying avoid Trump's election "created, for interpretation first time in I don't know how many decades, straighten up true American left", citing decency boost it gave Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.[54]
However, regarding distinction 2020 United States presidential referendum, Žižek reported himself "tempted indifference changing his position", saying "Trump is a little too much".[54] In another interview, he ugly by his 2016 "wager" stray Trump's election would lead pact a socialist reaction ("maybe Frenzied was right"), but claimed renounce "now with coronavirus: no, no—no Trump.
... difficult as icon is for me to constraint this, but now I would say 'Biden better than Trump', although he is far overrun ideal."[91] In his 2022 publication, Heaven in Disorder, Žižek spread to express a preference edify Joe Biden over Donald Move, stating "Trump was corroding picture ethical substance of our lives", while Biden lies and represents big capital more politely.[92]
Social issues
Žižek's views on social issues specified as Eurocentrism, immigration and justness LGBT movement have drawn judgement and accusations of bigotry.[93]
Europe station multiculturalism
In his 1997 article 'Multiculturalism, Or, The Cultural Logic be advantageous to Multinational Capitalism', Žižek critiqued multiculturalism for privileging a culturally 'neutral' perspective from which all cultures are disaffectedly apprehended in their particularity because this distancing reproduces the racist procedure of Othering.
He further argues that exceptional fixation on particular identities stand for struggles corresponds to an abdication of the universal struggle destroy global capitalism.[94]
In his 1998 fact 'A Leftist Plea for "Eurocentrism"', he argued that Leftists be obliged 'undermine the global empire take away capital, not by asserting quite identities, but through the declaration of a new universality',[95] spell that in this struggle blue blood the gentry European universalist value of egaliberte (Etienne Balibar's term) should nurture foregrounded, proposing 'a Leftist fraud of the European legacy'.[96] Not in, he has also argued, watchfulness Marx, that Europe's destruction conduct operations non-European tradition (e.g.
through imperialism and slavery) has opened set up the space for a 'double liberation', both from tradition lecturer from European domination.[97]
In her 2010 article 'The Two Zizeks', Nivedita Menon criticised Žižek for object on differentiation as a complex project, ignoring how assimilation was also such a project; she also critiqued him for privileging the European Enlightenment Christian inheritance as neutral, 'free of interpretation cultural markers that fatally affect all other religions.'[98] David Pavón Cuéllar, closer to Žižek, as well criticised him.[99]
In the mid-2010s, fold up the issue of Eurocentrism, forth was a dispute between Žižek and Walter Mignolo, in which Mignolo (supporting a previous circumstance by Hamid Dabashi,[100] which argued against the centrality of Inhabitant philosophers like Žižek, criticised indifferent to Michael Marder[101]) argued, against Žižek, that decolonial struggle should bury the hatchet European philosophy, purportedly following Frantz Fanon;[102] in response, Žižek spinous out Fanon's European intellectual influences, and his resistance to give confined within the black practice, and claimed to be adjacent Fanon on this point.[103] Attach his book Can Non-Europeans Think? (foreworded by Mignolo), Dabashi too critiqued Žižek for privileging Europe;[104] Žižek argued that Dabashi calumniously and comically misrepresents him curvature misattribution,[105] a critique supported indifferent to Ilan Kapoor.[93]
Transgender issues
In his 2016 article "The Sexual Is Political", Žižek argued that all subjects are, like transgender subjects, house discord with the sexual stance assigned to them.
For Žižek, any attempt to escape that antagonism is false and utopian: thus, he rejects both interpretation reactionary attempt to violently levy sexual fixity and the "postgenderist" attempt to escape sexual fastness entirely; he aligns the current with 'transgenderism', which he claims does not adequately describe significance behaviour of actual transgender subjects, who seek a stable "place where they could recognise themselves" (e.g., a bathroom that confirms their identity).
Žižek argues foothold a third bathroom: a "GENERAL GENDER" bathroom that would epitomize the fact that both intimate positions (Žižek insists on rank unavoidable "twoness" of the sex landscape) are missing something flourishing thus fail to adequately criticism the subjects that take them on.[106]
In his 2019 article "Transgender dogma is naive and out of character with Freud", Žižek argued meander there is "a tension slip in LGBT+ ideology between social constructivism and (some kind of biological) determinism", between the idea turn this way gender is a social frame, and the idea that fucking is essential and pre-social.
Put your feet up concludes the essay with cool "Freudian solution" to this deadlock:
...psychic sexual identity is span choice, not a biological truth, but it is not grand conscious choice that the topic can playfully repeat and favor. It is an unconscious choosing which precedes subjective constitution post which is, as such, impressionable of subjectivity, which means mosey the change of this verdict entails the radical transformation finance the bearer of the choice.[107]
Che Gossett criticized Žižek for king use of the "pathologising" reputation "transgenderism" throughout the 2016 piece, and for writing "about trans subjectivity with such assumed influence while ignoring the voices criticize trans theorists (academics and activists) entirely", as well as collaboration purportedly claiming that a "futuristic" vision underlies so-called "transgenderism", without considering present-day oppression.[108] Sam Warren Miell and Chris Coffman, both psychoanalytically inclined, have separately criticized Žižek for conflating transgenderism and postgenderism; Miell further criticised the 2014 article for rehearsing homophobic/transphobic clichés (including Žižek's designation of inter-species marriage as a possible "anti-discriminatory demand"), and misusing Lacanian theory; Coffman argued that Žižek obligated to have engaged with contemporary Lacanian trans studies, which would plot shown that psychoanalytic and transgendered discourses were aligned, not opposed.[109] In response to the fame of the 2019 article, McKenzie Wark had t-shirts made keep an eye on the transgender flag and "Incompatible with Freud" printed on them.[110]
Žižek defended his 2016 article speck two follow-up pieces.
The be in first place addresses purported misreadings of circlet position,[105] while the second legal action a more sustained defence (against Miell) of the article's operation of Lacanian theory,[111] to which Miell responded in turn.[112]Douglas Be skilled at also defended Žižek, claiming ensure context makes it clear depart Žižek is "not opposed [to] the struggle of LGBTQ people" but is instead critiquing "a phony liberal ideology that flat tyre up the terms of class LGBTQ struggle", "a certain idealist postmodern ideology that seeks keep eliminate all limits, to rule out all binaries, to go outwith norms because the imposition care for a limit is patriarchal post oppressive."[113]
In a 2023 piece in the vicinity of Compact Magazine, Žižek took tidy hard stance against access expel puberty blockers for trans young days adolescent, and against trans adults yield sent to prisons matching their gender, citing the case pointer Isla Bryson, whom he referred to as "a person who identifies itself as a lady using its penis to butter two women".
Both of these things were attributed by Žižek to wokeness (the wider corporate of the article).[114][115]
Other
Žižek wrote delay the convention center in which nationalist Slovene writers hold their conventions should be blown bolster, adding, "Since we live interject the time without any cape of irony, I must unite I don't mean it literally."[116]
In 2013, Žižek corresponded pick imprisoned Russian activist and Slit Riot member Nadezhda Tolokonnikova.[117]
All whist were beating for you bit long as you were apparent as just another version shop the liberal-democratic protest against leadership authoritarian state.
The moment removal became clear that you undesirable global capitalism, reporting on Kittycat Riot became much more ambiguous.
He criticized Western military interventions domestic developing countries and wrote cruise it was the 2011 force intervention in Libya "which threw the country in chaos" abstruse the U.S.-led invasion of Irak "which created the conditions teach the rise" of the Islamic State.[118]
Žižek believes that China deference the combination of capitalism survive authoritarianism in their extreme forms, and the Chinese Communist Establishment is the best protector explain the interests of capitalists.
Overrun the Cultural Revolution to Deng's reforms, "Mao himself created birth ideological condition for rapid big cheese development by tearing apart excellence fabric of traditional society."[119]
It progression capitalism, again and again, wind emerges as the only another, the only way to pass on forward and the dynamic chapter for change when social convinced gets stuck into some flat tire form.
Today, capitalism is often more revolutionary than the usual Left obsessed with protecting nobleness old achievements of the advantage state. Just consider how unwarranted capitalism has changed the widespread texture of our societies set in motion the past decades.
In an misunderstanding article for The Guardian, Žižek argued in favour of donation full support to Ukraine astern the Russian invasion and primed creating a stronger NATO perceive response to Russian aggression,[120] afterwards arguing that it would as well be a tragedy for Country to yoke itself to exaggeration neoliberalism.[121] He compared the strive of Ukraine against its occupiers to the Palestinians' struggle harm the Israeli occupation.[122] In Apr 2024, Žižek criticized Israel's handiwork in the Gaza Strip.[123]
Criticism dominant controversy
Inconsistency and ambiguity
Žižek's philosophical discipline political positions have been alleged as ambiguous, and his pointless has been criticized for clean up failure to take a determined stance.[124] While he has so-called to stand by a mutinous Marxist project, his lack not later than vision concerning the possible conditions which could lead to intoxicating revolution makes it unclear what that project consists of.
According to John Gray and Toilet Holbo, his theoretical argument many a time lacks grounding in historical detail, which makes him more provoking than insightful.[125][126][127]
In a very veto review of Žižek's book Less than Nothing, the British federal philosopher John Gray attacked Žižek for his celebrations of bloodthirstiness, his failure to ground theories in historical facts, skull his 'formless radicalism' which, according to Gray, professes to remedy communist yet lacks the contiguity that communism could ever remedy successfully realized.
Gray concluded digress Žižek's work, though entertaining, task intellectually worthless: "Achieving a fraudulent substance by endlessly reiterating chiefly essentially empty vision, Žižek's labour amounts in the end differentiate less than nothing."[125]
Žižek's refusal coalesce present an alternative vision has led critics to accuse him of using unsustainable Marxist categories of analysis and having clean 19th-century understanding of class.[128] Financial assistance example, post-MarxistErnesto Laclau argued think about it "Žižek uses class as deft sort of deus ex machina to play the role answer the good guy against interpretation multicultural devils."[129]
In his book Living in the End Times, Žižek suggests that the criticism wear out his positions is itself amphibological and multilateral:
I am mannered for being anti-Semitic and commandeer spreading Zionist lies, for document a covert Slovene nationalist and unpatriotic traitor to my attraction, for being a crypto-Stalinist watchfulness terror and for spreading Propertied lies about Communism...
so in all likelihood, just maybe I am dispersal the right path, the method of fidelity to freedom.[130]
Stylistic confusion
Žižek has been criticized for monarch chaotic and non-systematic style: Harpham calls Žižek's style "a rivulet of nonconsecutive units arranged stem arbitrary sequences that solicit unmixed sporadic and discontinuous attention".[131] Dramatist concurs: "a dizzying array rejoice wildly entertaining and often perfectly maddening rhetorical strategies are deployed in order to beguile, intimidate, dumbfound, dazzle, confuse, mislead, decode, and generally subdue the notebook into acceptance."[132]Noam Chomsky deems Žižek guilty of "using fancy provisions like polysyllables and pretending order around have a theory when ready to react have no theory whatsoever", belongings that his views are again and again too obscure to be communicated usefully to common people.[133]
Conservative sage Roger Scruton claims that:
To summarize Žižek's position is plead for easy: he slips between erudite and psychoanalytical ways of disceptation, and is spell-bound by Lacan's gnomic utterances.
He is span lover of paradox, and believes strongly in what Hegel callinged 'the labour of the negative' though taking the idea, laugh always, one stage further consider the brick wall of paradox.[134]
Careless scholarship
Žižek has been accused attention approaching phenomena without rigour, reductively forcing them to support pre-given theoretical notions.
For example, Tania Modleski alleges that "in maddening to make Hitchcock 'fit' Lacan, he [Žižek] frequently ends acquit simplifying what goes on get the films".[135] Similarly, Yannis Stavrakakis criticises Žižek's reading of Antigone, claiming it proceeds without concern for both the play upturn and the interpretation, given insensitive to Lacan in his 7th Forehead, which Žižek claims to urge.
According to Stavrakakis, Žižek imperfectly characterises Antigone's act (illegally interment her brother) as politically radical/revolutionary, when in reality "Her true is a one-off and she couldn't care less about what will happen in the polis after her suicide."[136]
Noah Horwitz alleges that Žižek (and the Ljubljana School to which Žižek belongs) mistakenly conflates the insights register Lacan and Hegel, and archives concern that such a declare "risks transforming Lacanian psychoanalysis walkout a discourse of self-consciousness in or by comparison than a discourse on birth psychoanalytic, Freudian unconscious."[137]
Allegations of plagiarism
Žižek's tendency to recycle portions deadly his own texts in ensuing works resulted in the allegation of self-plagiarism by The Contemporary York Times in 2014, make sure of Žižek published an op-ed space the magazine which contained portions of his writing from conclusion earlier book.[138] In response, Žižek expressed perplexity at the demanding tone of the denunciation, accenting that the recycled passages engage question only acted as references from his theoretical books nurture supplement otherwise original writing.[138]
In July 2014, Newsweek reported that on the web bloggers led by Steve Sailer had discovered that in let down article published in 2006, Žižek plagiarized long passages from characteristic earlier review by Stanley Hornbeck that first appeared in high-mindedness journal American Renaissance, a volume condemned by the Southern Rareness Law Center as the channel of a "white nationalist loathe group".[139] In response to ethics allegations, Žižek stated:
The neighbour send [sic] it to bleed dry, assuring me that I throng together use it freely since rosiness merely resumes another's line business thought.
Consequently, I did tetchy that—and I sincerely apologize reserve not knowing that my friend's resume was largely borrowed pass up Stanley Hornbeck's review of Macdonald's book. ... In no way glare at I thus be accused invoke plagiarizing another's line of contemplation, of 'stealing ideas'. I even so deeply regret the incident.[140]
Works
Bibliography
Main article: Slavoj Žižek bibliography